ENGLESKI ZA SRBE

ПРЕДЛОГ 'ON'

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Основно значење

ON … SURFACE - површина или објекат на коме се нешто налази:
They were practicing on the field. Тренирали су на терену.
Our house is on Third Street. Наша кућа је у Трећој улици.

Стандардни изрази

on a bicycle на бицикли
on a bus u autobusu
on a page na stranici
on a plane u avionu
on a train u vozu
on television na televiziji
on the carpet na tepihu
on the ceiling na tavanici
on the cover na koricama
on the door na vratima
on the floor na podu
on the left/right (na)levo/(na)desno
on the menu u meniju (restorana)
on the radio na radiju
on the wall na zidu
on the way na putu (ka)

The author's name is on the cover of the book. Ime autora je na koricama knjige.
There are no prices on this menu. Nema cena u ovom meniju.
I live on the 7th floor at 1 Oxford Street in London. Živim na VII spratu u ul. Oksford br. 1 u Londonu.
You are standing on my foot. Stojiš na mom stopalu.
I left the keys on the table. Ostavio sam ključeve na stolu.
I was just sitting on the stairs. Samo sam sedeo na stepenicama.
The map lies on the desk. Karta leži na stolu.
The picture is on page 35. Slika je na strani 35.
The photo hangs on the wall. Slika visi na zidu.
He lives on a farm. On živi na farmi.
Dresden lies on the river Elbe. Drezden leži na reci Elba.
My friend is on the way to Moscow. Moj prijatelj je na putu za Moskvu.
He lives on Fire Island. On živi na Vatrenom ostrvu.
The shop is on the left. Prodavnica je levo.
Earlier she liked to watch cowboy films on television. Ranije je volela da gleda kaubojske filmove na TV-u.
I’m sitting beside him on the sofa. Sedim pored njega na sofi.
Write this information on the back of the envelope. Napišite tu informaciju na poleđini koverte.
On top of the cupboards are straw baskets. Na vrhu kredenca su pletene korpe.
There was a smear of gravy on her chin. Na bradi je imala mrlju od sosa.
I threw a dollar on the counter. Bacio sam dolar na tezgu.
I continued to lie on my back and look at clouds. Nastavila sam da ležim na leđima i gledam u oblake.
He raised himself on his elbows. Podigao se na laktove.
He looked at me with a hurt expression on his face. Pogledao me sa izrazom krivice na licu.
She leaned down and kissed me on the cheek. Nagla se i poljubila me u obraz.
Many of these artifacts are on display in the Museum. Mnogi od ovih eksponata su izloženi u Muzeju.
I was on the verge of tears. Bila sam na ivici suza.

CHAPTER NINE Prepositions 4-1-2

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4 CLASSIFICATION I
I KLASIFIKACIJA

4.1 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION
PREDLOZI ZA MESTO

4.1.2 IN

4.1.2.1 BASIC MEANING
OSNOVNO ZANČENJE

IN … ENCLOSED SPACE - okružen prostor i tačka u njemu:

The sheep are grazing in the field.
Ovce pasu u polju.

The children are playing in the street.
Deca se igraju na ulici.

4.1.2.2 STANDARD EXPRESSIONS
STANDARDNI IZRAZI

in a boat u čamcu
in a box u kutiji
in a building u zgradi
in a car u kolima
in a helicopter u helikopteru
in a lift/elevator u liftu
in a row u redu
in France u Francuskoj
in London u Londonu
in my pocket u mom džepu
in my wallet u mom novčaniku
in Oxford Street u ulici Oksford
in the garden u vrtu
in the newspaper u novinama
in the sky na nebu
in the Times u Tajmsu (novinama)

Do you work in an office?
Da li radiš u kancelariji?

Jupiter is in the Solar System.
Jupiter je u sunčevom sistemu.

Do you live in Japan?
Da li živiš u Japanu?

An article in the Guardian quoted this study.
Članak u Gardijanu je citirao ovu studiju.

There is a wasp in the room.
U sobi je osa.

I threw the bottles in(to) the bin.
Bacio sam flaše u kantu.

We are in the bedroom.
U spavaćoj sobi smo.

I see a lighthouse in the picture.
Vidim svetionik na slici.

There are trouts in the river.
U ovoj reci ima pastrmki.

He lives in Madrid.
On živi u Madridu.

I found my picture in the paper.
Našao sam svoju sliku u papirima.

He usually sits in the corner of the room.
On obično sedi u uglu sobe.

Her son is in the back of the car.
Njen sin je na zadnjem sedištu.

We arrive in Paris.
Stižemo u Pariz.

They got in the car.
Ušli su u kola.

I like walking in the rain.
Volim da šetam na kiši.

My uncle lives in the country.
Moj ujak živi na selu.

There are three kites in the sky.
Na nebu ima tri zmaja.

The thief is in prison now.
Lopov je sada u zatvoru.

She lives in a hotel.
Ona živi u hotelu.

The girls were waiting in the bus queue.
Devojčice su čekale u redu za autobus.

There is a big tree in the middle of the garden.
U sredini vrta je veliko drvo.

He is in town.
On je u gradu.

She should stay in bed.
Trebalo bi da ostane u krevetu.

In public, NATO members agree on everything.
U javnosti, članice NATO-a se slažu oko svega.

There were ten bars in the vicinity of the hotel.
U blizini hotela je bilo deset barova.

CHAPTER NINE Prepositions 4-1-1

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4 CLASSIFICATION I
I KLASIFIKACIJA

4.1 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION
PREDLOZI ZA MESTO

4.1.1 AT

4.1.1.1 BASIC MEANING
OSNOVNO ZNAČENJE

AT ... POINT - tačka u prostoru, u blizini, do, pored (uopšteno):

Fiona spent two hours at the fair.
Fiona je provela 2 sata na vašaru.

He was at our table at once.
Odmah se našao kod našeg stola.

4.1.1.2 STANDARD EXPRESSIONS
STANDARDNI IZRAZI

at home kod kuće
at reception na prijemu
at school u školi
at the back pozadi
at the bottom na dnu
at the bus stop na autonuskoj stanici
at the centre u centru
at the corner na uglu
at the crossroads na rskršću
at the door na vratima
at the end na kraju (prostorno)
at the entrance na ulazu
at the National Theatre u Narodnom pozorištu
at the side sa strane
at the top na vrhu
at work na poslu

Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
Džejn te je čekala na autobuskoj stanici.

The shop is at the end of the street.
Prodavnica se nalazi na kraju ulice.

My plane landed at Moscow airport.
Moj avion se prizemljio na moskovskom aerodromu.

When will you arrive at the office?
Kada stižeš u kancelariju?

She was waiting at the corner.
Čekala je na uglu.

He’s had a bad day at work.
Imao je loš dan na poslu.

He’s in the dining room, sitting at the desk.
On je u trpezariji, sedi za stolom.

Open your books at page 10.
Otvorite svoje knjige na strani 10.

The bus stops at Kragujevac.
Autobus staje u Kragujevcu.

She stays at her aunt's.
Ona odseda kod svoje ujne.

He’s waiting at the door.
On čeka kod vrata.

Look at the top of the page.
Pogledaj pri vrhu strane.

She always arrives late at school.
Ona uvek kasni u školu.

He mustn't park his car at the front of the school.
Ne sme da parkira kola ispred škole.

Can we meet at the corner of the street?
Možemo li da se sretnemo na uglu ulice?

I met my husband at a party.
Upoznala sam svog supruga na zabavi.

Mira wasn't at home yesterday.
Mira nije bila juče kod kuće.

I study physics at Belgrade university.
Studiram fiziku na Beogradskom univerzitetu.

The childen are at grandfather's.
Deca su kod dede.

He's looking at the park.
Gleda u park.

It would be useful to have him close at hand.
Bilo bi korisno da on bude blizu, pri ruci.

I’ll use all the weapons at my disposal.
Upotrebiću sve oružje koje mi je na raspolaganju.

CHAPTER NINE Prepositions 3

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3 OPPOSITES
KONTRASTI

3.1 ABOVE VS. BELOW

Hang the picture above the table. - The valley is below sea-level.
Obesi sliku iznad stola. - Dolina je ispod nivoa mora.

3.2 ON VS. IN(SIDE)

Just put them on the desk. - I was in(side) my car.
Samo ih stavi na sto. - Bila sam u svojim kolima.

3.3 OVER VS. UNDER

He’ll build a bridge over the Una. - A boat passed under the bridge.
Izgradiće most preko Une. - Čamac je prošao ispod mosta.

3.4 IN FRONT OF VS. BEHIND

I cool myself in front of a fan. - The sun vanished behind a cloud.
Hladim se ispred ventilatora. - Sunce je nestalo iza oblaka.

3.5 TO THE LEFT (SIDE) VS. TO THE RIGHT (SIDE)

Shift the load to the left side. - Shift the load to the right.
Pomeri teret na levu stranu. - Pomeri teret udesno.

3.6 NEXT TO VS. FAR FROM

I curled up next to him. - He is studying far from home.
Sklupčala sam se do njega. - Studira daleko od kuće.

CHAPTER NINE Prepositions 2

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2 LIST OF MOST FREQUENT PREPOSITIONS
LISTA NAJČEŠĆIH PREDLOGA

Predlozi se prevode u zavisnosti od konteksta – ovde je dato osnovno značenje, koje se najčešće javlja:

about o, oko
above (iz)nad
according to prema
across preko
after posle
against uz, protiv
along uz, duž
along with duž
among među
apart from odvojen od
around oko(lo)
as kao
as for što se tiče
at u, na
because of zbog
before pre
behind iza
below ispod
beneath ispod
beside pored
between između
beyond ispod
but ali
by uz, do
by means of pomoću
concerning u vezi sa
despite uprkos
down dole
during tokom
except osim
except for osim za
excepting izuzev
for za
from iz
in u, na
in addition to uz dodatak
in back of pozadi
in case of u slučaju
in front of ispred
in place of na mestu
inside unutar
in spite of uprkos
instead of umesto
into u
like kao
near blizu
next to do
of (genitiv)
off sa
on na, o
onto na
on top uz to
on top of na vrhu
out of (iz)van
outside van
over preko
past pored
per za
regarding vezano za
round oko(lo)
since od
through kroz
throughout kroz
to do, u
toward(s) prema
under ispod
underneath ispod
unlike ne kao
until (till) do
up naviše
upon po
up to do
with sa
within u okviru
without bez

CHAPTER NINE Prepositions 1

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1 DEFINITION
DEFINICIJA

Predlog vezuje imenicu, glagol, pridev ili zamenicu sa drugom reči ili rečima.

1.1 NOUNS
IMENICE

Put your bags under the desk.
Stavite svoje torbe ispod klupe.

I will visit Mark during Christmas.
Posetiću Marka u toku Božića.

Veliki broj imenica koristi samo jedan ili nekoliko određenih predloga:

I don’t want to release my anger on anybody.
Ne želim da praznim svoj bes ni na kome.

He felt both despair and anger at his Dad.
Osećao je i očaj i bes prema ocu.

It was an explosion of anger against the system.
Bila je to eksplozija besa protiv sistema.

He felt anger towards the person who shouted.
Osetio je bes prema osobi koja je uzviknula.

1.2 VERBS
GLAGOLI

Musicians played at the front of the procession.
Muzičari su svirali na kraju kolone.

Theodore was born on January 26th.
Teodor je rođen 26. januara.

Veliki broj glagola koristi samo jedan ili nekoliko određenih predloga:

I entirely agree with you.
Potpuno se slažem sa tobom.

We agree about most things.
Slažemo se oko većine stvari.

Let’s try to agree on a date.
Hajde da se dogovorimo oko datuma.

My boss agreed to both requests I had given.
Moj šef je odobrio oba zahteva koje sam bio dao.

U istoj rečenici se uz jedan glagol može javiti više predloga, u zavisnosti od toga koji odnos izražava:

When I realised I was wrong, I apologised to him for my mistake.
Kada sam shvatio da nisam bio u pravu, izvinuo sam mu se za grešku.

We complained to the manager of the restaurant about the food.
Žalili smo se upravniku restorana oko hrane.

1.3 ADJECTIVES
PRIDEVI

Working with him is stimulating and full of surprise.
Rad sa njim je stimulativan i pun iznenađenja.

I’m still crazy about that silly old fool.
I dalje sam luda za tim blesavom matorom ludom.

Veliki broj prideva koristi samo jedan ili nekoliko određenih predloga:

He’s mad about you.
Lud je za tobom.

You’re just mad at me because I’m here.
Ti si samo ljut na mene jer sam ovde.

He’s mad on planes.
Lud je za avionima.

Dušan was driving us mad with his hissing.
Dušan nas je dovodio do ludila sa svojim šištanjem.

1.4 PRONOUNS
ZAMENICE

I bought it in Vero.
Kupio sam ga u Veru.

I met them on a camping holiday.
Upoznao sam ih na kampovanju.

U građenju odnosa među rečima u rečenici, jedan predlog može da izražava nekoliko različitih relacija:

VREME: IN
I was born in April.
Rođena sam u aprilu.

MESTO ILI PRAVAC: IN
We waited in the bus.
Čekali smo u autobusu.

PREVOZNO SREDSTVO: BY
She came by train.
Došla je vozom.

SREDSTVO: BY
He was hit by a ball.
Udarila ga je lopta.

NAČIN: BY
Do it by yourself.
Uradi to sam.

STANJE/SITUACIJU: FOR
I mistook you for someone else.
Zamenila sam Vas s nekim (drugim).

KOLIČINI/MERU: FOR
We drove for twenty miles.
Vozili smo dvadeset milja.

SVRHU: FOR
He bought it for an emergency.
Kupio je to za hitne slučajeve.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs - Contents

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1 Definition

2 Formation

3 Adjective Vs. Adverb

3.1 A List of Commonly Mistaken Adjectives & Adverbs

4 Orthography

4.1 Adjectives Used as Adverbs Without Modificaitions

5 Adverbs as Modifiers

6 Classiffication

6.1 Adverbs of Manner
6.1.1 A List
6.2 Adverbs of Place
6.2.1 A List
6.3 Adverbs of Time
6.3.1 A List With Examples
6.4 Adverbs of Degree
6.4.1 A List
6.5 Adverbs of Extent
6.5.1 A List
6.6 Adverbs of Frequency
6.6.1 A List
6.6.2 Phrases for Regular Activites
6.7 Adverbs of Duration
6.7.1 A List
6.8 Adverbs of Probability
6.8.1 A List
6.9 Adverbs of Aspect
6.9.1 A List
6.10 Adverbs of Focus
6.10.1 A List
6.11 Adverbs of Emphasizing
6.11.1 A List

7 Position of Adverbs In Sentence

7.1 Manner, Place, Time
7.2 Degree & Extent
7.3 Duration, Frequency & Probability
7.4 Focus
7.5 Emphasizing

8 Adverb Phrase & Adverb Clause

8.1 Adverb - Adverbs Phrase Adverb Clause
8.2 Adverb Phrase + Prepositions
8.3 Adverb Phrase + Infinitives
8.4 Types of Adverb Clause

9 Comparison of Adverbs

9.1 Irregular Forms
9.2 Adverbs Beyond Comparison
9.2.1 A List

10 Summary

10.1 Adverb Formation
10.2 Adverbs as Modifiers (Adverbs in Adverbial Functions)
10.3 Adverb Classification by Their Function
10.4 Conjuncture (Connecting) Adverb
10.5 Adverbs as Intensifiers
10.6 Adverb Position
10.7 Comparison of Adverbs
10.7.1 Suffix Comparison
10.7.2 Irregular Comparison
10.7.3 Beyond Comparison

11 Most Frequent Adverbs

11.1 Not
11.1.1 Position
11.1.2 'Not' + Adjectives
11.1.3 'Not' + 'To'-Infinitives
11.1.4 In Contrasts
11.1.5 'Not' + Sentence Adverbs
11.1.6 'Not Just'
11.1.7 'Not Really'
11.1.8 'Not Very'
11.1.9 'Not Only'
11.1.10 'Not All'
11.2 Very
11.2.1 When We Do Not Use 'Very'
11.3 Enough
11.3.1 Adjectives/Adverbs + 'Enough'
11.3.2 Modifying Adverbs
11.4 Too
11.4.1 'Very' Vs. 'Too'
11.5 Ago

12 Negative Inversion

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 12

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12 NEGATIVE INVERSION

Negative inversion is used in writing, not in speaking. Some negative adverbs can cause an inversion (reversed order: the auxiliary verb before the subject):

Never had he been so worried and agitated.
Seldom have courage and personal responsibility been more needed.

Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can be used like this:

seldom
scarcely
hardly
not only
but also
no sooner
than
not until
under no circumstances

I have never seen such courage. - Never have I seen such courage.
She rarely left the house. - Rarely did she leave the house.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 11

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11 MOST FREQUENT ADVERBS

11.1 NOT

With verbs, ‘not’ makes negative forms. In conversation, when it is used after ‘be’, ‘have’, ‘do’, or a modal, ‘not’ is usually represented as ‘n’t’ and added to the verb in front of it.

11.1.1 POSITION

After the first auxiliary or modal, if there is one:

They are not seen as major problems.
They might not even notice.

If there is no other auxiliary, ‘do’ is used as the auxiliary. After ‘not’ comes the base form of a verb:

The girl did not answer.
He does not speak English very well.

N.B.
With almost all verbs we do not use ‘not’ without an auxiliary:

*I not liked it. OR: *I liked not it.
BUT: I didn’t like it.

Exception 1: With ‘be’, we do not use an auxiliary, so ‘not’ comes after ‘be’:

I’m not sure about this.
The program was not a success.

Exception 2: When ‘have’ is used as a main verb with ‘not’, it is sometimes used without an auxiliary, but only in the con-tracted forms ‘hasn’t’, ‘haven’t’, and ‘hadn’t’:

You haven’t any choice.
The sky hadn’t a cloud in it.

It is more common to use: ‘doesn’t have’, ‘don’t have’ & ‘didn’t have’:

This question doesn’t have a proper answer.
We don’t have any direct control.

N.B.
When we use ‘not’ to make what we are saying negative, we do NOT usually use another negative word such as ‘nothing’, ‘never’, or ‘none’:

* I don’t know nothing about it.
BUT: I don’t know anything about it.

Although we can say that something is ‘not very good’, we do not use ‘not’ in front of other words meaning ‘very good’:

* Something is not excellent.
OR * Something is not marvellous.

11.1.2 ‘NOT’ + ADJECTIVES

To make a positive statement we can add ‘not’ to an adjective having a negative meaning:

Frost and snow are not uncommon during these months.
It is not unlikely that they could change again.

Indefinite article + short adjective in statements like these  ‘not’ in front of the article. With long adjectives, ‘not’ comes either in front of the article or after it:

It’s not a bad idea.
This is a not unreasonable interpretation.

11.1.3 ‘NOT’ + ‘TO’-INFINITIVES

With infinitives, we use ‘not’ + an infinitive:

I decided not to go in.
Be careful not to overdo it.

11.1.4 IN CONTRASTS

To link two words or expressions, to point out that something is the case, and to contrast it with what is not the case:

The plaque confirmed that the paintings were a gift, not a bequest.
The world can only be grasped by action, not by contemplation.

Making a similar contrast by changing the order of the words or expressions , we use the constructions ‘not’ + the first word/expression or ‘but’ + the second one:

A passport was now not a right but a privilege.
Industry is owned and controlled not by you, but by your employer.

11.1.5 ‘NOT’ + SENTENCE ADVERBS

To make a negative comment on a statement, we use ‘not’ + ‘surprisingly’/‘unexpectedly’/‘unusually’:

Not surprisingly, the Council rejected the suggestion.
But, not unusually, Jo surprised me.

11.1.6 ‘NOT JUST’

It is used only in front of adjectives, nouns, phrases, and participles, and never in front of verbs. Sometimes it is used instead of ‘not only’:

It is not just the most fashionable, but also one of the best hotels in the London.
I want to see more people not just voting in polling stations, but formulating the policies of the parties.

11.1.7 ‘NOT REALLY’

Makes a negative statement more polite or less strong:

Winning or losing is not really important.
It doesn’t really matter.

11.1.8 ‘NOT VERY’

When we make a negative statement using ‘not’ + an adjective, it makes the statement less strong by putting ‘very’ in front of the adjective:

The fees are not very high.
I’m not very interested in the subject.

11.1.9 ‘NOT ONLY’

To link two words or word groups referring to things, actions, or situations we can use ‘not only’ + the first word or word group + ‘but’ / ‘but also’ + the second one, which is usually more surprising, informa-tive, or important than the first one:

He not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance.
We are interested in assessing not only what they have learnt but also how they have learnt it.

To link word groups that begin with a verb, we can omit ‘but’/‘but also’ and use a personal pronoun instead:

Her interest in your work has not only continued, it has increased.
Imported taps not only provide more variation, they are often more attractively designed.

For emphasis, ‘not only’ may come at the beginning of the sentence followed by an auxiliary or the verb ‘be’ + the subject + the main verb:

Not only did they send home substantial earnings, but they also saved money.
Not only does he forget to buy Jane a present; he also reverses his car over her pet.

‘Not only’ must come first when linking two clauses which have different subjects:

Not only were the instruments unreliable, (but) the crew had not flown together before.
Not only are mothers not paid but also most of their boring work is unnoticed.

11.1.10 ‘NOT ALL’

To form the subject of a sentence, we use ‘not’ + ‘all’ OR words beginning with ‘every-’:

Not all the houses we get offered have central heating.
Not everyone agrees with me.

11.2 VERY

To emphasize an adjective or adverb:

That’s very nice of you.
Think very carefully.

To emphasize adjectives ending in ‘-ed’, especially when they refer to a state of mind or emotional condition:

He seemed very interested in everything.
Joe must have been very worried about her.

In front of ‘best’, ‘worst’, or any superlative which ends in ‘-est’:

It’s one of his very best plays.
In today’s Rome, health is one of the very biggest businesses.

To emphasize that something is the ‘first’, ‘next’, or ‘last’ thing of its kind:

The very next day we held a jumble sale in the village hall.
Those were his very last words.

11.2.1 WHEN WE DO NOT USE ‘VERY’

To emphasize ‘-ed’ words when they are part of a passive construction:

He was well liked.
He was Are your skills fully appreciated?

With superlatives that begin with ‘the most/best’. Instead we use ‘much’, ‘by far’, ‘far’ and ‘away’:

Music may have been much the most respectable of his tastes.
True Love is by far his best received novel to date.

With comparatives:

Tom was much quicker than I was.
OR Tom was far quicker than I was.

With adjectives which already describe an extreme quality:

It was an enormous dissapointment.
There were huge cracks in the ground all over.

A list of adjectives of this kind:

absurd
awful
brilliant
delighted
enormous
essential
excellent
furious
huge
massive
perfect
splendid
terrible
wonderful

To say that something happens as someone/something has a quality to an unusually large extent:

He looked so funny that we couldn’t help laughing.
The whole situation was so ridiculous that we dropped the plan.

In front of prepositions such as ‘ahead of’ or ‘behind’. Instead we use ‘well’ or ‘far’:

Mr Janjić was well ahead of his time.
Steven was not far behind her in clumsiness.

In front of prepositional phrases. Instead, we use ’very much’ or ‘greatly’:

He was very much in love with Kate.
At one stage his very life was greatly in danger.

We say that someone is:

These schools were too far apart to have any way of knowing about each other.
I was lying in bed, sound asleep. (OR fast asleep, OR deeply asleep)
She could not relax and still felt wide awake. (OR fully awake)

11.3 ENOUGH

11.3.1 ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS + 'ENOUGH'

To say that someone or something has as much of a quality as is needed:

It’s big enough.
I was not a good enough rider.

To say who the person / thing is acceptable to we use ‘enough’ + a prepositional phrase beginning with ‘for’:

That’s good enough for me.
Will that be soon enough for you?

To say that someone has as much of a quality as they need for something we use ‘enough’ + a ‘to’-infinitive:

The children are old enough to travel to school on their own.
They’re adapting fast enough to move to a higher level.

To say that something has as much of a quality needed for someone to be aware of it or do something with it we use ‘enough’ + a ‘to’-infinitive :

None of the crops was ripe enough to eat.
Their reception was clear enough to receive a signal.

OR a prepositional phrase beginning with ‘for’ + a ‘to’-infinitive:

The bullets passed close enough for us to hear their whine.
Their reception was clear enough for him to receive a signal.

To confirm or emphasize that something or someone has a particular quality we use an adjective + ‘enough’:

It’s a common enough dilemma.
They have a long enough list.

When making a statement of this kind, we often add a second statement to contrast with it:

He’s likeable enough, but very ordinary.
She is intelligent enough, but also something of an egomaniac.

11.3.2 MODIFYING ADVERBS

Adverbs such as ‘nearly’, ‘almost’, ‘just’, ‘hardly’, and ‘quite’ in front of enough:

This was nearly enough to lose them their chance of winning.
At present there is just enough to feed them.

These adverbs in front of an expression consisting of an adjective + ‘enough’:

We are all nearly young enough to be mistaken for students.
Some of these creatures are just large enough to see with the naked eye.

With sentence adverbs it is used to draw attention to a surprising quality in what we are saying – usually, after sentence adverbs like ‘interestingly’ or ‘strangely’:

Interestingly enough, this proportion has not increased.
I find myself strangely enough in agreement with John for a change.

11.4 TOO

To indicate that what has just been said applies to or includes someone or something else:

I wondered whether I too would become one of its victims.
Hey, where are you from? Brooklyn? Me too!

‘Too’ + adjectives and adverbs with the meaning ‘more than is necessary or useful’:

This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
He works too hard. (adverb)

‘Too’ + adjectives + ‘for someone/something’:

The coffee was too hot for me.
The dress was too small for her.

‘Too’ + adjectives/adverb + ‘to’-infinitive:

The coffee was too hot to drink.
You’re too young to have grandchildren!

11.4.1 ‘VERY’ VS. ‘TOO’

‘Very’ expresses a fact - ‘too’ suggests there is a problem:

He speaks very quickly. - He speaks too quickly (for me to understand).
He runs very fast. - They run too fast (for us to catch them).

11.5 AGO

To say how long it is since something happened:

We met two years ago.
We got married about a year ago.

We use ‘ago’ when talking about a period of time measured back from the present, BUT when talking about a period measured back from some earlier time we use ‘before’/‘previously’:

The centre had been opened some years before.
Three years previously I had been admitted to the Royal Canadian Hospital, Taplow.

When talking about an event in the past we use the simple past tense + ago:

All that stuff disappeared thirty years ago.
I did it just a moment ago.

We do NOT use ‘ago’ + ‘since’/‘together’:

It happened three years ago.
OR It is three years since it happened.

Also, we do NOT use ‘ago’ when something has been happening:

It has been happening for three years.
He has been working the clubs since 2000, developing his comedy act.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 10

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10 SUMMARY

10.1 ADVERB FORMATION

Adverbs that end in ‘–ly’ are formed by adding ‘–ly’ to:

an adjective: careful – carefully, beautiful – beautifully
a present participle: willing – willingly, glowing – glowingly
a past participle: assured – assuredly, affected – affectedly

When adjective ends in:

-able/-ible - final –e is replaced with –y: horrible – horribly, terrible – terribly
-y - final –y is replaced with –ily: happy – happily, lucky – luckily
-ic - final –ic is replaced with –ically: economic – economically, ironic – ironically

10.2 ADVERBS AS MODIFIERS (ADVERBS IN ADVERBIAL FUNCTIONS)

An adverb modifies a verb:
He walked quickly.
I accepted new task willingly.
Mike snored melodically.

An adverb modifies an adjective:
They were really unhappy.
My brother is completely fearless.
I know she is very careful.

An adverb modifies an adverb:
He is almost always hungry.
John plays tennis very well.
You never can work too carefully.

An adverb modifies a clause:
Perhaps you are correct, but not at first glance.
Surely he will be on time, but I hope not.
Probably they’d think we were crazy, but who cares.

An adverb modifies a sentence:
Suddenly, she went home.
Finally, he will be on time.
Today, we can take a vacation.

10.3 ADVERB CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR FUNCTION

Adverbs of manner – answer the question 'How?':
I watch them closely.
I play well.
List: carefully, cheerfully, fast, quicly, slowly, inadequately, healthy

Adverbs of time – answer the question 'When?':
I arrive late for most appointments.
Lately, I have had many sleepless nights.
List: early, never, now, often, recently, soon, then, today, tomorrow

Adverbs of place (location, direction) – answer the question 'Where?':
Have you ever gone there?
I will meet you outside.
List: above, away, below, down, downstairs, here, inside, there, up

Adverbs of degree – answer the question 'How much?':
I am too tired to play tennis tonight.
He is completely tired from the journey.
List: almost, entirely, little, much, rather, totally, very, too

Adverbs of frequency – answer the question 'How often?':
He rarely goes by himself.
She constantly finishes her job first.
List: always, never, usually, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Interrogative adverbs – used at the beginning of questions:
Why are you so angry?
When does the movie start?
List: why, where, how, when

10.4 CONJUNCTIVE (CONNECTING) ADVERBS

They connect the ideas expressed in different clauses or sentences. Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, also, anyhow, furthermore, however, moreover, otherwise, still, and therefore.

Use of conjunctive adverb between two independent clauses requires a semicolon before the adverb and comma after it:
I want to sleep; however, I need to study.

If conjunctive adverb is used at the beginning of a sentence, comma is used to set it off. Note that the period takes the place of a semicolon:
The day was over. Therefore, I went to sleep.

If conjunctive adverb is placed within a clause, commas are used to set it off:
The day is over. I will, therefore, go to sleep.

10.5 ADVERBS AS INTENSIFIERS

as emphasizers:
I really like him.
I literally wrecked my car.

as amplifiers:
He completely abandoned the city.
I absolutely refuse to leave.

as down toners:
I somewhat like it.
He almost quit that job.

10.6 ADVERB POSITION

At the front (prior to the subject):
Today we will study adverbs.
Lately, I have had lots of phone calls.

At the center of the sentence (between the subject and the verb):
He seldom goes to movies.
I hardly noticed her.

At the end of the sentence:
I learn English slowly.
I study adverbs now.

10.7 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Like adjectives, adverbs have three forms of comparison: positive, comparative & superlative:

Positive degree expresses the quality without comparison.
Comparative degree compares two verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
Superlative degree compares three or more verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Most adverbs are compared by using another adverb:
I dance gracefully.
More or less - to express the comparative degree:
I dance more gracefully.
Most or least - to express the superlative degree:
I dance most gracefully.

10.7.1 SUFFIX COMPARISON

Some adverbs are compared using a suffix –er (the comparative forms) and –est (the superlative forms):
I will arrive soon.
I will arrive sooner.
I will arrive soonest.

10.7.2 IRREGULAR COMPARISON

positive - comparative - superlative
bad/badly - worse - worst
far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
late/lately - later - latest
little - less - least
much - more - most
well - better - best

10.7.3 BEYOND COMPARISON

Some adverbs are never compared. They express qualities unsuitable for comparison:
again, almost, before, ever, never, here, there, now, then, there, thus, too, twice, very.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 9

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9 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POREĐENJE PRILOGA

Za priloge koji se ne završavaju na '–ly' važe ista pravila kao i za prideve:

- Jednosložni i većina dvosložnih priloga grade komparativ sa '-er', a superlativ sa '-est':

It’ll be nice to go faster and break the record.
Biće lepo da se ide brže i obori rekord.

The tax burden increased fastest for the poor.
Teret poreza se najbrže poveća za siromašne.

- Ostali dvosložni i višesložni prilozi grade komparativ sa 'more', a superlativ sa 'most':

Jill did her homework more frequently.
Džil je češće radila svoj domaći.

Jill did her homework most frequently.
Džil je najčešće radila svoj domaći.

9.1 IRREGULAR FORMS
NEPRAVILNI OBLICI

well – better - best
dobro – bolje - najbolje

I like your style better than the one I was taught.
Tvoj stil mi se više dopada od onog koji sam naučio.

badly – worse - worst
loše – lošije - najlošije

They are among the worst paid in their country.
Oni su među najgore plaćenima u svojoj zemlji.

ill – worse - worst
She feels worse than yesterday.
bolestan – gore - najgore
Oseća se gore nego juče.

little – less - least
malo – manje - najmanje

I often think about those less fortunate than me.
Često pomislilm na one manje srećnije od mene.

much – more - most
mnogo – više - najviše

He was one of the most influential jazz performers.
Bio je jedan od najuticajnijih izvođača džeza.

far – farther - farthest
daleko – dalje - najdalje

This time, she moved even farther away from home.
Ovog puta se odselila još dalje od kuće.

far – further - furthest
daleko – dalje - najdalje

These tax reforms have gone furthest here.
Sa ovim poreskim reformama najdalje se odmaklo ovde.

late – later - at the latest
kasno – kasnije - najkasnije

I heard later that Uncle Jim had been thrown out.
Kasnije sam čula da su strica Džima izbacili.

9.2 ADVERBS BEYOND COMPARISON
PRILOZI KOJI SE NE MOGU POREDITI

Neki prilozi se nikada ne porede. Oni izražavaju kvalitete koji nisu pogodni za poređenje:

I was almost late.
Skoro sam zakasnio.

I am never late.
Ja nikada ne kasnim.

9.2.1 A LIST
LISTA

again ponovo
almost skoro
before pre
ever ikad
never nikad
here ovde
there tamo, onda
now sada
then tada
thus tako
too takođe
twice dvaput
very veoma

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 8

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8 ADVERB PHRASE & ADVERB CLAUSE

8.1. ADVERB - ADVERB PHRASE - ADVERB CLAUSE

ADVERB
I saw the movie yesterday.
Video sam film juče.

ADVERB PHRASE
I saw the movie on Friday.
Video sam film u petak.

ADVERB CLAUSE
I saw the movie before I left for London.
Video sam film pre nego što sam napustio London.

8.2 ADVERB PHRASES + PREPOSITIONS

MANNER
The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.
Stolar je udario esker čekićem.

PLACE
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Žena koja živi susedna vrata do nas, je lekar.

TIME
We must finish our project before the holidays.
Moramo završiti naš projekat pre odmora.

FREQUENCY
Jodie buys two CDs every month.
Džodi kupuje dva CD-a svakom meseca.

PURPOSE
Jack bought the flowers for his mother.
Džek je kupio cveće za svoju majku.

8.3 ADVERB PHRASES + INFINITIVES

TYPE: PURPOSE

I’m saving my money to buy a car.
Štedim pare da kupim auto.

The students all showed up to support the team.
Svi su se učenici pojavili da navijaju za tim.

En brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.
En je donela sliku kući iz škole da pokaže svojoj majci.

8.4 TYPES OF ADVERB CLAUSE

PLACE
Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Gdegod su kompjuteri, tamo je Mikrosoftov softver.

TIME
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Pošto se voće obere, prodaje se na tržištu.

CAUSE
I didn’t call her because I’m shy.
Nisam je zvao jer sam stidljiv.

PURPOSE
She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Pošla je na kurs za kompjutere tako da može da dobije bolji posao.

CONCESSION
Although Jay has a Master’s degree, he works as a store clerk.
Iako Džej ima stepen magistra, on radi kao magacinski službenik.

CONDITION
If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.
Ako štediš svoj novac, moći ćeš da ideš na koledž.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 7

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7 POSITION OF ADVERB IN SENTENCE
MESTO PRILOGA U REČENICI

7.1 MANNER, PLACE, TIME
NAČIN, MESTO, VREME

Prilozi za način uglavnom stoje posle objekta glagola ili ako nema objekta posle glavnog glagola:

Teddy did everything perfectly.
Tedi je sve uradio savršeno.

Thomas made his decision immediately.
Tomas je odmah doneo odluku.

She sang beautifully.
Ona je lepo pevala.

I didn’t play badly.
Nisam loše igrao.

Većina priloga za način koji se ne završavaju na '–ly', kao 'hard' i 'loud' takođe stoje samo posle glagola ili objekta glagola. Izuzetak je 'fast', koji stoji ispred glavnog glagola u trajnim vremenima:

You work too hard.
Radiš previše naporno.

We are fast becoming a nation fed on promises.
Brzo postajemo narod koji se hrani obećanjima.

Katkad prilog za način stoji ispred glavnog glagola:

Dixon swiftly decided to back down.
Dikson je brzo odlučio da se povuče.

He silently counted ten, then closed the door.
On je tiho izbrojao 10, a zatim zatvorio vrata.

Ukoliko predikat sadrži jedan ili više pomoćnih glagola, prilog za način stoji ispred glavnog glagola ili posle prvog pomoćnog glagola, posebno ako je to modalni glagol:

We can quickly make plans to help.
Možemo brzo da isplaniramo da pomognemo.

She lost out on the contract she had so desperately been counting on.
Izgubila je na ugovoru na koji je tako očajnički računala.

Ukoliko je objekat glagola dugačak, prilog neki put stoji ispred objekta:

He could picture all too easily the consequences of being found by the owners.
Mogao je sebi da predstavi isuviše lako posledice kad ga pronađu vlasnici.

Later I discovered in a shop in London a weekly magazine about horse-riding.
Kasnije sam otkrio u prodavnici u Londonu nedeljni magazine o jahanju (konja).

Ako je glagol u pasivu, prilog stoji posle pomoćnog glagola, a ispred glavnog glagola:

Bond was well camouflaged.
Bond je bio dobro sakriven.

I had been well conditioned by early experiences.
Bio sam dobro pripremljen radnim iskustvima.

Ukoliko je prilog predloški izraz, obično stoji na kraju klauze, a ne ispred glagola:

It just fell out by accident.
Samo je ispalo, slučajno.

He had been brought up in the proper manner.
Bio je vaspitavan na pravi način.

Ukoliko ima više priloga u klauzi, uobičajeni red je sledeći:

She spoke very well [MANNER] at the meeting [PLACE] last night. [TIME]
Veoma dobro je govorila sinoć na sastanku.

7.2 DEGREE & EXTENT
STEPEN I OBIM

Obično stoje ispred glavnog glagola. Ukoliko ima pomoćnih glagola, onda posle prvog pomoćnog glagola, a pre glavnog glagola:

He almost crashed into a lorry.
Skoro se sudario sa kamionom.

This finding has been largely ignored.
Pronalasci su bili u velikoj meri ignorisani.

She really enjoyed the party.
Ona je stvarno uživala na zabavi.

So far we have largely been looking at it from the outside.
Do sada smo ga u velikoj meri posmatrali spolja.

Najčešći prilozi koji se ovako koriste su:

almost skoro
largely u velikoj meri
nearly blizu
rather prilično
really stvarno
quite prilično
virtually zaista

Ostali prilozi za stepen i opseg stoje ispred glavnog glagola, a posle objekta (ako ga ima) ili posle glavnog glagola:

Mr Brooke strongly criticized the Curch.
G-din Bruk je strogo kritikovao Crkvu.

I disagree completely with John Taylor.
Ne slažem se sa Džonom Tejlorom u potpunosti.

Najčešći prilozi koji se ovako koriste su:

badly loše
completely kompletno
greatly puno
heavily teško
little malo
seriously ozbiljno
severely teško
strongly jako
totally potpuno

Neki prilozi za stepen uvek ili skoro uvek stoje posle glagola ili njegovog objekta:

The audience enjoyed it hugely.
Publika je jako puno uživala.

Annual budgets varied tremendously.
Godišnji budžeti su varirali strahovito.

Najčešći prilozi koji se ovako koriste su:

a bit pomalo
a great deal u velikoj meri
a little malo
a lot puno
considerably značajno
hard teško
hugely silno
immensely jako mnogo
moderately umereno
remarkably izvrsno
terribly strašno
tremendously strahovito

7.3 DURATION, FREQUENCY & PROBABILITY
TRAJANJE, UČESTALOST I VEROVATNOĆA

Često stoje posle prvog pomoćnog glagola, ukoliko ga ima, ili ispred glavnog glagola:

They can probably afford another one.
Verovatno mogu sebi da priušte drugi.

They are often encouraged to do the less paid jobs.
Oni su često ohrabreni da rade manje plaćene poslove.

Takođe se mogu pojaviti na početku kauze:

Sometimes we expect you to win.
Ponekad očekujemo od tebe da pobediš.

Presumably they’d brought him home to rest.
Verovatno su ga doveli kući da se odmori.

Kada nema pomoćnog glagola onda stoje posle veznog glagola 'to be':

They are usually right.
Obično su u pravu.

He was definitely scared.
Definitivno je bio uplašen.

Prilozi verovatnoće stoje ispred negativnih skraćenica, kao što su 'don’t' i 'won’t':

It probably won’t be that bad.
Verovatno nije toliko loše.

We definitely don’t want our girls breaking the rules.
Mi definitivno ne želimo da naše devojke krše propise.

Prilozi 'maybe' i 'perhaps' stoje obično na početku klauze:

Maybe I ought to go back there.
Možda bi trebalo da se vratim tamo.

Perhaps they just wanted to warn us off.
Možda oni samo hoće da nas oteraju.

7.4 FOCUS
FOKUSIRANJE

Ovi se prilozi obično mogu javiti posle prvog pomoćnog glagola, ispred glavnog glagola, ili ispred reči koju želimo da fokusiramo. Samo prilozi 'alone' i 'only' mogu biti na drugim mestima u klauzi:

The law has mainly had a negative role.
Zakon je uglavnom imao negativnu ulogu.

I told him what he primarily wanted to know.
Rekla sam mu ono što je prvenstveno hteo da zna.

I have lived alone in this flat for years.
Živim sama u ovom stanu već godinama.

7.5 EMPHASIZING
NAGLAŠAVAJE

Prilozi za naglašavanje stoje posle subjekta, posle pomoćnog glagola ili posle glagola 'to be':

I would just hate to have a daughter like her.
Ja bih upravo mrzela da imam ćerku kao što je ona.

That kind of money is simply unavailable.
Toliki novac je prosto nedostupan.

7.6 SENTENCE ADVERBS
REČENIČNI PRILOZI

Koriste se da pokažu našu reakciju ili mišljenje i najčešće stoje na početku rečenice:

Surprisingly, they DID help me.
Iznenađujuće, oni mi jesu pomogli.

Luckily, I had seen the play so I knew what it was about.
Srećom, video sam komad, pa sam znao o čemu se radi.

Zanimljivosti i šale

In a Nutshell
An adverb is a part of speech that describes or modifies:
a verb, an adjective, another adverb, clause, or sentence.
The easiest adverbs to recognize are those that end in ‘-ly’.
Some adjectives end in ‘-ly’ also, but remember that adjectives
can modify only nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modify everyting else.
They answer the questions ‘How?’, ‘When?’, ‘Where?’, ‘Why?’, ‘In what way?’,
‘How much?’, ‘How often?’, ‘Under what condition?’, or ‘To what degree?’
Unlike adjectives, an adverb can be placed anywhere in a sentence.
Still, there are some rules that should be followed.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 6

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6 CLASSIFICATION
KLASIFIKACIJA

N.B.
Uz svaku vrstu/klasu data je i lista, koja NE sadrži sve priloge, već one koji su česti i uobičajeni ili pogodni za primer. Neke liste su složene alfabetski, a neke prema stepenu značenja, što će biti očigledno prema datom značenju.

6.1 ADVERBS OF MANNER
PRILOZI ZA NAČIN

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi opisuju kako se nešto uradilo ili se radi ili će se uraditi:

They looked anxiously at each other.
Gledali su jedno u drugo zabrinuto.

He did not play well enough to win.
Nije igrao dovoljno dobro da pobedi.

I’m going to handle this my way.
Obaviću to na svoj način.

She listened to his story with great patience.
Slušala je njegovu priču sa puno strpljenja.

6.1.1 A LIST
LISTA

accurately tačno
awkwardly čudno
badly loše
beautifully lepo
brightly vedro
brilliantly briljantno
carefully pažljivo
carelessly bezbrižno
casually usputno
cheaply jeftino
clearly jasno
closely blizu
clumsily trapavo
comfortably udobno
consistently dosledno
conveniently prikladno
correctly tačno
dangerously opasno
delicately delikatno
differently različito
discreetly diskretno
distinctly zasebno
dramatically dramatično
easily lako
economically ekonomično
effectively efektno
efficiently efikasno
evenly ravnomerno
explicitly eksplicitno
faintly slabo
faithfully verno
fiercely žestoko
firmly čvrsto
fluently tečno
formally zvanično
frankly iskreno
freely slobodno
gently nežno
gracefully graciozno
hastily u brzini
heavily teško
honestly iskreno
hurriedly žurno
intently usredsređeno
meticulously pedantno
neatly uredno
nicely lepo
oddly čudno
patiently strpljivo
peacefully mirno
perfectly savršeno
plainly obično
pleasantly prijatno
politely ljubazno
poorly siromašno
professionally profesionalno
properly ispravno
quietly tiho
rapidly brzo
readily spremno
richly bogato
rigidly kruto
roughly oštro
ruthlessly nemilosrdno
securely pouzdano
sensibly razumno
sharply oštro
silently tiho
simply jednostavno
smoothly glatko
softly mekano
specifically posebno
steadily mirno
strangely čudno
subtly suptilno
superbly nadmoćno
swiftly brzo
systematically sistematično
tenderly nežno
thickly debelo
thinly tanko
thoroughly podrobno
tightly tesno
truthfully istinito
urgently hitno
vaguely neodređeno
vigorously krepko
violently nasilno
vividly živahno
voluntarily dobrovoljno
warmly toplo
well dobro
widely široko
willingly drage volje
wonderfully čudesno
wrongly pogrešno

6.2 ADVERBS OF PLACE
PRILOZI ZA MESTO

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi kazuju gde se radnja obavlja ili se obavila ili će se obaviti:

A plane flew overhead.
Avion je leto iznad glava.

The children were playing upstairs.
Deca se igraju na spratu.

My passport is here in my bag.
Moj pasoš je ovde u mojoj tašni.

The children were playing in the park.
Deca se igraju u parku.

6.2.1 A LIST
LISTA

abroad u inostranstvu
anywhere bilo gde
closely blizu
downstairs niz stepenice
far (away) daleko
here ovde
nearly u blizini
outside vani
somewhere negde
there tamo
underground podzemno
upstairs na spratu

6.3 ADVERBS OF TIME
PRILOZI ZA VREME

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi kazuju kada se nešto dešava ili se desilo ili će se desiti:

She will be here soon.
Doći će ovde uskoro.

She was born on 16 April 1959.
Rođena je 16. aprila 1959. godine.

Come and see me next week.
Dođi i poseti me sledeće sedmice.

6.3.1 A LIST WITH EXAMPLES
LISTA SA PRIMERIMA

Yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away.
Juče je izgledalo da su sve moje nevolje tako daleko.

I did my shopping on Friday.
Obavio sam kupovinu u petak. (dani u sedmici)

I went to a museum today.
Danas sam bio u muzeju.

I bought it yesterday.
Kupila sam ga juče.

I am going home next week.
Idem kući sledeće sedmice.

I visited him last year.
Posetio sam ga prošle godine.

Finally, who likes fast food?
Konačno, ko voli brzu hranu?

I’ve already been there.
Već sam bio tamo.

I’ll go there eventually.
Na kraju ću otići tamo.

I’m just going to the shop.
Odoh samo do prodavnice.

I’m leaving for work soon.
Uskoro polazim na posao.

I’m still interested in physics.
I dalje sam zainteresovan za fiziku.

She was in Belgrade then.
Tada je bila u Beogradu.

6.4 ADVERBS OF DEGREE
PRILOZI ZA STEPEN

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi kazuju stepen, jačinu ili intenzitet stanja ili radnje i njihovo prisustvo značajno menja značenje rečenice:

The man drove (very) badly.
Čovek je (veoma) loše vozio.

They enjoyed the film (immensely).
Uživali su u filmu (jako) puno.

6.4.1 A LIST
LISTA

little malo
a bit malo
a little malo
somewhat ograničeno
slightly malo (više)
noticeably primetno
sufficiently dovoljno
moderately umereno
adequately adekvatno
significantly značajno
rather prilično
fairly dobrano
quite prilično
much mnogo
a lot mnogo
a great deal puno
really uistinu
very much veoma mnogo
heavily prilično
greatly u velikoj meri
strongly jako
considerably značajno
exceedingly veoma mnogo
extensively opsežno
badly veoma
dearly skupo
deeply duboko
hard naporno
soundly zdravo
well poprilično
remarkably izvanredno
enormously jako puno
intensely intenzivno
profoundly duboko
immensely strašno puno
tremendously strahovito
hugely ogromno
severely ozbiljno
radically radikalno
drastically drastično

6.5 ADVERBS OF EXTENT
PRILOZI ZA OPSEG

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi se koriste da pokažu u kom opsegu se nešto dešava ili je istinito:

The city had been totally destroyed.
Grad je bio potpuno uništen.

The Labour Party was largely created by the unions.
Radničku partiju su u velikom delu stvorili sindikati.

6.5.1 A LIST
LISTA

partly delimično
partially delimično
practically praktično
largely u velikoj meri
quite prilično
almost skoro
nearly blizu
virtually zaista
completely kompletno
entirely sasvim
totally totalno
fully u potpunosti
perfectly savršeno
altogether sve skupa
utterly sasvim

6.6 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
PRILOZI ZA UČESTALOST

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi koliko često se nešto dešava ili se dešavalo ili će se desiti:

I always do my homework on time.
Ja uvek uradim svoj domaći na vreme.

She goes out occasionally.
Ona izlazi s vremena na vreme.

6.6.1 A LIST
LISTA

never nikad
rarely retko
hardly ever jedva ikad
seldom malo kad
not much ne mnogo
infrequently ne često
occasionally povremeno
periodically periodično
intermittently povremeno
sporadically sporadično
from time to time s vremena na vreme
now and then katkad
sometimes neki put
often često
frequently učestalo
regularly redovno
a lot puno
usually obično
generally generalno
normally normalno
nearly always skoro uvek
continually kontinualno
all the time sve vreme
constantly konstantno
always uvek

6.6.2 PHRASES FOR REGULAR ACTIVITIES
IZRAZI ZA REDOVNE RADNJE

daily (every day) svakodnevno
weekly (every week) svake sedmice
forthightly (every two weeks/fortnight) svake dve sedmice
monthly (every month) mesečno
yearly (every year) godišnje

6.7 ADVERBS OF DURATION
PRILOZI ZA TRAJANJE

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi koliko dugo nešto traje ili je trajalo ili će trajati:

They were briefly occupied.
Bili su zauzeti na kratko.

The phone was temporarily out of order.
Telefon je privremeno bio van upotrebe.

6.7.1 A LIST
LISTA

briefly na kratko
shortly kratko
temporarily privremeno
indefinitely neodređeno
long dugo
always uvek
permanently stalno
forever zauvek

6.8 ADVERBS OF PROBABILITY
PRILOZI ZA VEROVATNOĆU

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi se koriste da pokažu koliko je sigurno ono o čemu govorimo:

I definitely saw her yesterday.
Definitivno sam je video juče.

The driver probably knows the quickest route.
Vozač možda zna najbržu rutu.

6.8.1 A LIST
LISTA

conceivably zamislivo
possibly moguće
perhaps možda
maybe možda
hopefully uz nadu
probably verovatno
presumably po svoj prilici
almost certainly skoro sigurno
certainly sigurno
no doubt bez sumnje
doubtless nesumnjivo
definitely definitivno

6.9 ADVERBS OF ASPECT
PRILOZI ZA ASPEKT

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi se obično grade od klasifikacionih prideva i ukazuju na aspekt onoga o čemu se govori, npr. politically important (politički važno) = nešto bitno na polju politike:

We had a very bad year financially.
Finansijski, imali smo veoma lošu godinu.

It would have been politically damaging for him.
Bilo bi politički štetno za njega.

Ovim prilozima se često dodaje gerundijum 'speaking' (govoreći):

He’s not a doctor, technically speaking.
Tehnički gledano, on nije lekar.

Generally speaking, there was no resistance.
Uopšteno govoreći, nije bilo otpora.

6.9.1 A LIST
LISTA

biologically biološki
commercially komercijalno
economically ekonomski
emotionally emotivno
financially finansijski
generally uopšteno
geographically geografski
intellectually intelektualno
logically logički
morally moralno
outwardly spolja
plainly obično
politically politički
psychologically psihološki
racially rasno
scientifically naučno
socially socijalno
statistically statistički
technically tehnički
verbally verbalno
visually vizuelno

6.10 ADVERBS OF FOCUS
PRILOZI ZA FOKUSIRANJE

Ovi prilozi i priloški izrazi se koriste da se pokaže koja je od stvari uključenih u situaciju glavna:

I’m particularly interested in classical music.
Posebno sam zainteresovan za klasičnu muziku.

We want especially to thank the numerous friends who encouraged us.
Želimo posebno da zahvalimo brojnim prijateljima koji sun as ohrabrili.

6.10.1 A LIST
LISTA

chiefly uglavnom
especially posebno
mainly uglavnom
mostly većinom
notably primetno
on the whole u celini
particularly posebno
predominantly dominantno
primarily primarno
principally u principu
specially specijalno
specifically posebno

Neki se prilozi koriste da naglase da je samo jedna stvar uključena u to o čemu govorimo:

This is solely a matter of money.
Ovo je jedino stvar novca.

It’s a large canvas covered with just one colour.
To je veliki kanvas pokriven samo jednom bojom.

Najčešći prilozi koji se ovako koriste su:

alone samo
entirely isključivo
exclusively isključivo
just tek
merely samo
only samo
purely čisto
simply prosto
solely jedino

Prilozi za opseg 'largely', 'partly' i 'entirely' mogu biti upotrebljeni za fokusiranje kao dodatna informacija. Isto važi za priloge učestalosti 'usually' i 'often':

The house was cheap partly because it was falling down.
Kuća je bila jeftina delimično zato što se je bila pred rušenjem.

They often fought each other, usually as a result of arguments over money.
Često su svađali obično kao rezultat rasprava oko novca.

6.11 ADVERBS OF EMPHASIZING
PRILOZI ZA NAGLAŠAVANJE

Ovi prilozi dodaju naglašenost radnji koja se opisuje glagolom:

I quite agree.
Potpuno se slažem.

I simply adore this flat.
Prosto obožavam ovaj stan.

6.11.1 A LIST
LISTA

absolutely apsolutno
certainly naravno
just baš
positively pozitivno
quite sasvim
really stvarno
simply prosto

Zanimljivosti i šale

MANNER: I eat my breakfast carefully.
PLACE: I eat my breakfast at home.
TIME: Yesterday I ate my breakfast in the office.
DEGREE: I ate a lot for my breakfast today.
EXTENT: I eat practically anything for my breakfast.
FREQUENCY: I eat my breakfast regularly.
DURATION: I ate my breakfast long this morning.
PROBABILITY: Almost certainly, I’m eating with Tom tomorrow.
ASPECT: Generally, I eat my breakfast alone.
FOCUS: I eat my breakfast mainly at home.
EMPHASIZING: I simply love eating my breakfast at home.

At Court
A randy king once asked a lady of his court,
‘Which is the shortest route to your bedroom?’
‘Via the church,’ she smiled graciously.

A Fortune-teller
A policeman visited a fortune-teller.
‘One of your clients has lodged a complaint against you. I must arrest you for fraud.’
‘Which client?’ she demanded.
‘But madam, surely you must know.’

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 5

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5 ADVERBS AS MODIFIERS
PRILOZI KAO MODIFIKATORI

Verbs Glagoli
She sings beautifully.
Ona lepo peva.
Everything I used was bought cheaply.
Sve što sam koristila bilo je kupljeno jeftino.

Nouns Imenice
The room upstairs have two windows.
Sobe na spratu imaju dva prozora.
The childen under the age of 12 admission is free.
Za decu ispod 12 godina ulaz je slobodan.

Adjectives Pridevi
He’s really nice.
On je stvarno ljubazan.
He was rather kind to us.
Bio je prilično ljubazan prema nama.

Adverbs Prilozi
She did it really well.
Uradila je to stvarno dobro.
He spoke very slowly.
Govorio je veoma sporo.

Noun Phrases Imenički izrazi
We had quite a good time.
Prilično smo se dobro proveli.
He gave away his old computer.
Dao je svoj stari kompjuter.

Sentences Rečenice
Luckily, the car stopped in time.
Srećom, kola su stala na vreme.
Surprisingly, they were in complete agreement.
Iznenađujuće je da su se složili u potpunosti.

Determiners Odrednice
Nearly everyone came to the party.
Skoro svi su došli na zabavu.
Almost all of the countries accepted our proposal.
Skoro sve zemlje su prihvatile naš predlog.

Numerals Brojevi
The temperature outside is somewhat 50 C.
Spoljna temperatura je nekih 50 C.
Nearly 100 people continued an unofficial strike.
Skoro stotinu ljudi je nastavilo nezvanični štrajk.

Pronouns Zamenice
It’s only me, Marjorie.
To sam samo ja, Mardžori.
Please, open up. It’s really him.
Molim te, otvori. To je stvarno on.

Zanimljivosti i šale

YES: I like English very much.
NO: I like very much English.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 4

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4. ORTHOGRAPHY
PRAVOPIS

Pridevi koji se završavaju na '–y' menjaju ga u '–i' i dodaju '–ly':

angry - angrily
ljut - ljutito
busy - busily
zauzet - zauzeto (žustro)

Pridevi koji se završavaju na nemo '–e', odbacuju ga i dodaju '–ly':

due - duly
pravovremen - pravovremeno
true - truly
istinit - istinito (iskreno)

Pridevi koji se završavaju na '–le', odbacuju ga i dodaju '–ly':

feeble - feebly
slab - slabo (nemoćno)
sensible - sensibly
osetljiv - osetljivo

Pridevi koji se završavaju na '–ll', dodaju samo '–y':

full - fully
pun - puno
dull - dully
dosadan - dosadno

Pridevi koji se završavaju na '–ic', dodaju '–ally':

fantastic - fantastically
fantastičan - fantastično
magic - magically
magičan - magično

Pridevi koji se završavaju na '–ly' koriste konstrukciju in a' ~ way' ili drugi prilog sličnog značenja:

friendly - in a friendly way
prijateljski - na prijateljski način
likely - probably
verovatan - verovatno

4.1 ADJECTIVES USED AS ADVERBS WITHOUT MODIFICATIONS
PRIDEVI KOJI SE KORISTE KAO PRILOZI BEZ MODIFIKACIJA

daily dnevno
enough dovoljno
early rano
far daleko
fast brzo
hourly na sat
little malo
long dugo
low nisko
monthly mesečno
much mnogo
straight pravo
weekly nedeljno
yearly godišnje

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 3

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3 ADJECTIVE VS. ADVERB
PRIDEV - PRILOG

S obzirom da neke reči već sadrže nastavak '–ly', da li je pridev ili prilog utvrđuje se na osnovu vrste reči koju modifikuje:

PRIDEV, jer opisuje imenicu:
They are heavenly beings.
Oni su božanska bića.

PRILOG, jer opisuje glagol:
Do you like it? – It is heavenly.
Jel’ ti se dopada? – Božanstveno je.

3.1 A LIST OF COMMONLY MISTAKEN ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
LISTA PRIDEVA I PRILOGA U ČIJOJ SE UPOTREBI OBIČNO GREŠI

ADJECTIVE: deep
The water is very deep.
Voda je veoma duboka.

ADVERB 1: deep (place)
Deep inside, there’s more.
Duboko unutra, ima još.

ADVERB 2: deeply (feeling)
I loved him deeply.
Duboko sam ga volela.

ADJECTIVE: difficult
Math is very difficult.
Matematika je veoma teška.

ADVERB: with difficulty
She raised her hand with dificulty.
Podigla je ruku sa teškoćom.

ADJECTIVE: direct
This is a direct flight.
Ovo je direktan let.

ADVERB 1: direct
They can fly direct to Niš.
Mogu da lete direktno za Niš.

ADVERB 2: directly (=soon)
Directly after lunch, we left.
Odmah posle ručka smo otišli.

ADJECTIVE: good
He is a good singer.
On je dobar pevač.

ADVERB: well
He sings well.
On dobro peva.

ADJECTIVE: hard
Mrs Wells is a hard worker.
G-đa Vels je vredan radnik.

ADVERB 1: hard
She works hard.
Ona radi naporno.

ADVERB 2: hardly (=scarcely/seldom)
I hardly recognised him.
Jedva sam ga prepoznao.
I hardly see her these days.
Ovih dana je retko viđam.

ADJECTIVE: high
She had high expectations.
Mnogo je očekivala. (ILI: Imala je visoka očekivanja.)

ADVERB 1: high
Set your goals high enough.
Postavi ciljeve dovoljno visoko.

ADVERB 2: highly (figurative)
He is a highly successful author.
On je veoma uspešan autor.

ADJECTIVE: late
I was ten minutes late.
Zakasnila sam deset minuta.

ADVERB 1: late
I arrived late.
Stigla sam kasno.

ADVERB 2: lately (=recently)
I’ve been worried about her lately.
Nedavno sam se zabrinuo za nju.

ADJECTIVE: most
He won the most votes.
On je dobio najviše glasova.

ADVERB 1: most
It is most frequently used.
To se najčešće koristi.

ADVERB 2: mostly (=usually)
Cars are mostly metal.
Kola su uglavnom metalna.

ADJECTIVE: near
Her near death scares me.
Njena bliska smrt me plaši.

ADVERB 1: near
It is near the mantelpiece.
Blizu kamina je.

ADVERB 2: nearly (=almost)
The cinema was nearly empty.
Bioskop je bio skoro prazan.

ADJECTIVE: pretty
She’s very pretty.
Veoma je lepa.

ADVERB 1: pretty (=rather)
I was pretty tired.
Bio sam prilično umoran.

ADVERB 2: prettily
It was prettily decorated.
Bilo je ukusno ukrašeno.

ADJECTIVE: public
He’s a public figure.
On je javna ličnost.

ADVERB: publicly
I never spoke publicly about their affair.
Nikada nisam javno govorila o njihovoj aferi.

ADJECTIVE: short
They had a short meeting.
Imali su kratak sastanak.

ADVERB 1: short
He cut short his trip to Rome.
Prekinuo je put u Rim.

ADVERB 2: shortly (=soon)
The trial will shortly begin.
Suđenje će početi uskoro.

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 2

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2 FORMATION
GRAĐENJE

U većini slučajeva prilozi se grade od prideva dodavanjem sufiksa '–ly' /li/:

quick – quickly
brz - brzo
sudden – suddenly
iznenadan - iznenada
intelligent – intelligently
pametan - pametno

CHAPTER EIGHT Adverbs 1

2008-11-20T11:02:00.005+01:00

1 DEFINITION
DEFINICIJA

Modifikujući reči pored kojih stoje, prilozi kazuju gde, kada, kako, u kojoj meri ili u kojim okolnostima se nešto desilo, dešava se ili će se desiti. U ulozi priloga može biti sâm prilog ili grupa reči (priloški izraz ili priloška rečenica), koja modifikuje glavni deo složene rečenice u kome je glagol:

Sit there quietly, and wait for your turn.
Sedi tamo mirno i čekaj svoj red.

She reported accurately what they said.
Tačno je izvestila o tome šta su rekli.

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners - Contents

2008-11-18T23:20:00.009+01:00

1 Definition
1.1 Nouns Rarely Used Alone
1.1.1 A List of Nouns That Are Rarely Used Alone

2 Classification I
2.1 Pre-Determiners
2.2 Central Determiners
2.3 Post-Determiners

3 Classification II
3.1 General Determiners
3.2 Specific Determiners

4 Classification III
4.1 Before Only Countable Nouns in SG
4.2 Before Countable Nouns In SG Or Uncountable Nouns
4.3 Before Only Uncountable Nouns
4.4 Before Uncountable Nouns Or Countable Nouns In PL
4.5 Before Only Countable Nouns In PL
4.6 Before Some Frequently Used Nouns

5 Classification IV
5.1 Determiners Quantifiers
5.2 Determiners For Possession
5.3 Demonstrative Determiners
5.4 Articles
5.5 Determiners For Questions

6 Classification V
6.1 Most Frequent: 'Some', 'Any' & 'No'
6.1.1 Some
6.1.2 Any
6.1.3 No
6.1.4 Compounds
6.1.4.1 Some
6.1.4.2 Any
6.1.4.3 No
6.1.5 Pronouns
6.1.5.1 Some
6.1.5.2 Any
6.2 In Relation to SG Or PL
6.2.1 SG
6.2.2 PL
6.2.3 Total Number
6.2.4 General Determiners as Quantifiers
6.2.5 Opposites

7 Noun Supstitutions
7.1 One
7.2 One or other
7.3 One .. the others
7.4 The one ... the other

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 7

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7 NOUN SUPSTITUTIONS
SUPSTITUCIJE ZA IMENICU

7.1 ONE
ČOVEK, NEKO, ...

Koristi se kao lična zamenica za uopštene izjave o ljudima. U srpskom se može prevoditi na nekoliko načina - čovek, neko, ti, vi, itd., u zavisnosti od toga kome se obraćamo, odnosno koju poruku želimo da prenesemo:

One has to think of the practical side of things.
Čovek treba da razmišlja o praktičnoj strani stvari.

This scene makes one realize how deeply this community has been afflicted.
Ova scena te tera da shvatiš koliko je duboko zajednica pogođena.

Koristi se i kao zamenica koja se odnosi na imenički izraz sa neodređenim članom:

I like your cake, but the piece you gave me is so small. Could I have a bigger one, please?
Dopada mi se tvoj kolač, ali komad koji si mi dala je tako mali. Mogu li dobiti veći, molim te?

I got this trumpet for thirty pounds. It’s quite a good one.
Dobio sam ovu trubu za trideset funti. Prilično je dobra.

Takođe kao zamenica za naglašavanje neke druge odrednice:

There are systems of communication right through the animal world; each one is distinctive.
Postoje sistemi komunikacije u čitavom životinjskom svetu; svaki je poseban za sebe.

Children are individuals. Each one needs to be brought up as a unique personality.
Deca su individue. Svako treba podići kao jedinstvenu ličnost.

Kao odrednica, umesto 'a/an' sa nešto jačom naglašenošću, kada govorimo o određenom članu neke grupe:

We had one case which dragged on for a couple of years.
Imali smo jedan slučaj koji se vukao par godina.

‘They criticise me all the time,’ wrote one divorced woman.
‘Non-stop me kritikuju’, pisala je jedna razvedena žena.

Ako je subjekat u SG sledi imenička grupa: neodređeni član + pridev + 'one':

The school is large. - The school is a large one.
Škola je prostrana. - Škola je jedna prostrana zgrada.

My class is small. - My class is a small one.
Moje odeljenje je malo. - Moje odeljenje je malo.

Ako je subjekat u PL - pridev + 'ones':

My memories of a London childhood are happy ones.
Moje uspomene na detinjstvo u Londonu su srećne.

Women are not the only ones who say terrible things about each other.
Žene nisu jedine koje govore strašne stvari jedna o drugoj.

Druga vrsta dodatka sastoji se od 'one' + predloški izraz ili relativna klauza:

Their story was indeed one of passion.
Njihova priča zaista je bila jedna od onih strasnih.

The problem is one that always faces a society when it finds itself threatened.
Problem je onaj koji sa kojim se društvo stalno suočava kada se ono nađe u opasnosti.

Sa 'the' se odnosi na pojedinačnu imenicu pre nego na celinu koju ta imenica podrazumeva. Skoro uvek ide uz modifikator (pridev), ili kvalifikator (predloški izraz):

‘Which poem?’ – ‘The one they were talking about yesterday.’
‘Koja pesma?’ – ‘Ona o kojoj su juče razgovarali.’

He gave the best seats to the ones who arrived first.
Dao je najbolja sedišta onima koji su prvi došli.

7.2 ONE OR OTHER
JEDAN/PRVI ILI DRUGI

Ovaj izraz koristimo ukoliko ne želimo da preciziramo o kojoj grupi govorimo:

One or other of the two women was wrong.
Ili prva ili druga od dve žene nije bila u pravu.

It may be that one or other of them had done it.
Može biti da je jedna ili druga od njih to uradila.

7.3 ONE … THE OTHERS
JEDAN ... DRUGI/OSTALI

'One' se odnosi na grupu ljudi ili stvari, a 'the others' se tada odnosi na ostale iz grupe:

The bells are carefully installed so that disconnecting one will have no effect on the others.
Zvona su pažljivo nameštena tako da kad se isključi jedno ono ne utiče na ostala.

They had three little daughters, one a baby, the others twins of ten.
Imali su tri male ćerke, jednu koja je beba, a ostale dve bliznakinje od deset godina.

7.4 THE ONE … THE OTHER
JEDAN ... DRUGOG

'The one … the other' koristimo kada govorimo o nekom paru:

The same factors push wages and prices up together, the one reinforcing the other.
Isti faktori povlače nadnice i cene zajedno naviše, jedno pojačavajući drugo.

The audience and players won that match together – the one helping the other.
Publika i igrači su zajedno pobedili u toj utakmici – jedni druge pomagali.

Zanimljivosti i šale

MATERNITY WARD, INDIA:
NO CHILDREN ALLOWED WITHOUT PERMISSION.

SIGN ON A REPAIR SHOP DOOR:
WE CAN REPAIR A N Y T H I N G!
(Please knock hard on the door – the bell doesn't work.)

AD ON AN AMERICAN CHURCH NOTICE BOARD:
DOG FOR SALE: EATS ANYTHING AND IS FOND OF CHILDREN.

IN THE COURTOOM:
The Judge: Now, as we begin, I must ask you to banish all present
information and prejudice from your minds, if you have any.

FUNNY NEWSPAPER TITLE:
SOMETHING WENT WRONG IN JET CRASH, EXPERTS SAY

A SECOND-HAND SHOP:
We exchange anything - bicycles, washing machines etc.
Why not bring your wife along and get a wonderful bargain.

DOUBLE NEGATIVE:
A linguistics professor was lecturing to his class one day. ‘In English a double negative forms a positive. In other languages, though, such as Russian, a double negative is still a negative. However, there is no language wherein a double positive can form a negative.’ A voice from the back of the room, ‘Yeah, right.’

THE OTHER SIDE
A man was walking along a river bank, when he saw a man walking along the opposite bank. He called across, ‘Hey, how do I get to the other side of the river?’ The other man looked confused and shouted back, ‘You're on the other side of the river already.’

DETECTIVE
A private detective made his report to his client who was a jealous married woman. ‘I've followed your husband for two days now. He went into ten ladies boutiques and ten ladies hairdressers.’- ‘I knew it!’, sighed the woman. ‘How many mistresses does he keep?’ - ‘None madam. I've made enquiries everywhere. He was looking for you.’

THANKS?
A woman visited a family. At the end of her visit, she gave a small coin to the little boy whose family she had been visiting. He put it in his pocket without thanking her. His mother, thinking he was shy, asked, ‘What do you reply?’ The boy replied, ‘I don't know.’ – ‘Yes you do. What do I say when your dad gives me money?’ - ‘You say: ‘Is that all?’’

KNOWLEDGE
Teacher: Nick, what is the past tense of the verb ‘to ring’?
Nick: What do you think it is, Sir?
Teacher: I don’t think, I KNOW! - Nick: I don’t think, I know either, Sir!

HIGH TIME
A man and a woman were both very shy. For years, they had spent time together, which they both enjoyed. One day, the woman decided to be brave. She suggested, ‘Don't you think, dear, it is time to marry?’ - ‘Yes,’ the man replied. ‘But who would marry us?’

TURKEY
A woman walks into a butcher’s shop and asks, ’Do you have any turkey?’ The butcher opens his fridge, takes out his only turkey and puts it on the weighing scales. It weighs 3 kilograms. The woman looks at the turkey and at the scales and asks, ‘Do you have one that is a bit bigger than this one, please?’ The butcher puts the turkey back into the fridge and then takes it out again, but this time when he puts it on the scales he keeps his thumb on the turkey. The scales show 4 kg. ‘That’s wonderful,’ says the woman. ‘I’ll take both of them, please.’

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6 CLASSIFICATION V
V KLASIFIKACIJA

U ovoj podeli odrednice su prikazane u okviru srodnih parova ili grupa ili pojedinačno s akcentom na jedan ili više aspekata karakterističnih za njihovu upotrebu:

6.1 MOST FREQUENT: ‘SOME’, ‘ANY’ & ‘NO’
NAJČEŠĆE ODREDNICE: 'SOME', 'ANY' I 'NO'

Ove odrednice se najčešće koriste. Obično se upotrebljavaju ispred nebrojivih i zbirnih imenica u jednini umesto neodređenog člana koji ide uz brojive imenice ili ispred zbirnih imenica u množini, i za ljude i za stvari:

6.1.1 SOME

POTVRDNI OBLIK

I’ve got some money on me.
Imam nešto novca kod sebe.

There are some people outside.
Napolju su neki ljudi.

UPITNI OBLIK (sa 'some' sugeriše potvrdni odgovor)

Do you want some tea?
Hoćeš li malo čaja?

Are there some people outside?
Jel’ to ima nekih ljudi napolju?

6.1.2 ANY

POTVRDNI OBLIK

I doubt he has any money on him.
Sumnjam da ima imalo para kod sebe.

We could use any money we get.
Koristio bi nam bilo koji novac koji dobijemo.

ODRIČNI OBLIK (jači sa 'any')

I haven’t got any money on me.
Nemam (nimalo) novca kod sebe.

There aren’t any people outside.
Napolju nema baš nikoga.

UPITNI OBLIK

Have you got any money on you?
Imaš li nešto novca kod sebe?

Are there any people outside?
Ima li napolju bilo koga?

6.1.3 NO

ODRIČNI OBLIK (jedini!)

There are no people outside.
Napolju nema ljudi.

I have no money on me.
Nemam novca kod sebe.

6.1.4 COMPOUNDS
SLOŽENICE

6.1.4.1 SOME

POTVRDNI OBLIK

There is somebody in the garden.
Ima nekoga u vrtu.

There is something on my bed.
Ima nešto na mom krevetu.

UPITNI OBLIK

Is there somebody outside?
Ima li nekog napolju?

Is there something for me?
Ima li nečega za mene?

6.1.4.2 ANY

ODRIČNI OBLIK

There isn’t anybody there.
Tamo nema baš nikoga.

There isn’t anything here.
Nema baš ničega ovde.

UPITNI OBLIK

Is there anybody outside?
Ima li ikoga napolju?

Is there anything in the bag?
Ima li ičega u torbi?

6.1.4.3 NO

ODRIČNI OBLIK (jedini!)

There is nobody there.
Nema nikoga tamo.

There is nothing here.
Ovde nema ničeg.

6.1.5 PRONOUNS
ZAMENICE

6.1.5.1 SOME

POTVRDNI OBLIK

I need some socks. - Yes, I have got some.
Trebaju mi neke čarape. - Imamo neke.

6.1.5.2 ANY

ODRIČNI OBLIK

We haven’t got any socks. - We just don’t have any!
Nemamo nikakve čarape. - Nemamo baš nijedne!

UPITNI OBLIK

Have you got any socks? - Have you got any?
Imaš li ikakve čarape? - Imaš li ti ikakve?

6.2. IN RELATION TO SG OR PL
U ODNOSU NA JEDNINU ILI MNOŽINU

6.2.1 SG

ANOTHER + SG

We’re going to have another baby.
Imaćemo još jednu bebu. (U značenju 'još jedna stvar ili osoba od te vrste'.))

ANY + SG

Any actor can play this role.
Bilo koji glumac može da odigra ovu ulogu.

6.2.2 PL

OTHER + PL

Other methods don’t work here.
Druge metode ovde ne funkcionišu. (Posle jednog ili više istih, pomenutih lica ili stvari.)

ANY + PL

Do you speak any foreign languages?
Da li govoriš neki od stranih jezika?

ENOUGH, FEW, MANY, MORE, MOST, SEVERAL & SOME + PL

He has enough problems with the police.
On ima dovoljno problema sa policijom.

The past few weeks were very pleasant.
Prošlih nekoliko sedmica su bile zaista prijatne.

Not many films are made in Serbia.
U Srbiji se ne pravi mnogo filmova.

I have more students this year.
Ove godine imam više studenata/učenika.

Most of the houses here have piped water.
Većina kuća ovde ima cevni dovod vode.

Several plastic boxes were sold.
Nekoliko plastičnih kutija je bilo prodato.

He went to fetch some books.
Otišao je da donese neke knjige.

6.2.3 TOTAL NUMBER
UKUPNI BROJ

POTVRDNO ZNAČENJE

DVOJE LJUDI ILI DVE STVARI

EITHER ... OR + SG

Sightseeing is best done either by bus or by bicycles.
Razgledanje grada je najbolje bilo/ili autobusom ili biciklama.

BOTH + PL

Ms Smith and her friend, both from London, were arrested on May the 1st.
G-đa Smit i njen prijatelj, oboje iz Londona, bili su uhapšeni 1. maja.

VIŠE OD DVOJE LJUDI ILI DVE STVARI

EACH/EVERY + SG

There are two hotels, each with fifty rooms. (each hotel)
Ima dva hotela, svaki/oba sa po pedeset soba.

Every village has a church and a pub.
Svako selo ima crkvu i krčmu.

ALL + PL

There is a fireplace in all bedrooms.
U svim spavaćim sobama ima kamin.

ODRIČNO ZNAČENJE

UKUPNI BROJ LJUDI ILI STVARI

NEITHER … NOR + SG

Professor Lee speaks neither Greek nor Latin.
Profesor Li ne govori ni grčki niti latinski.

NO + SG/PL

No job has more influence on the future.
Nijedan posao nema više uticaja na budućnost.

No letters survive from this period.
Nije sačuvano nijedno pismo iz tog perioda.

6.2.4 GENERAL DETERMINERS AS QUANTIFIERS
OPŠTE ODREDNICE KAO KVANTIFIKATORI

BROJIVE IMENICE - NEBROJIVE IMENICE

SOME

There are some boxes here. - There is some ink on the floor.
Ovde ima nekih kutija. - Ima nešto mastila na podu.

ANY

Do you have any apples? - Do you have any food?
Imaš li bar neke jabuke? - Imaš li išta hrane?

NO

There are no foxes in the park. - There is no time to finish now.
Nema lisica u parku. - Nema vremena da se završi sad.

ENOUGH

I have enough books to read. - There is enough money to buy a car.
Imam dovoljno knjiga za čitanje. - Ima dovoljno novca da se kupe kola.

PLENTY OF

There are plenty of tycoons in Serbia. - They have plenty of money in the bank.
Ima dosta tajkuna u Srbiji. - Imaju dosta novca u banci.

MANY - MUCH

Many Americans travel to Europe. - They have much money in the bank.
Mnogo Amerikanaca putuje u Evropu. - Oni imaju puno novca u banci.

A LOT OF - LOTS OF

A lot of Americans travel to Europe. - They have lots of money in the bank.
Mnogo Amerikanaca putuje u Evropu. - Oni imaju puno novca u banci.

N.B.
Ovi izrazi predstavljaju neformalne supstitucije za 'many' i 'much'.

A FEW - A LITTLE

There are a few doctors in town. - We had a little ice cream after dinner.
U gradu ima nekoliko lekara. - Posle večere smo uzeli malo sladoleda.

FEW (= ONLY A SMALL NUMBER) - LITTLE (= ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT)

Few bars here offer good cocktails. - They offered little help for my problem.
Par barova ovde nudi dobre koktele. - Ponudili su nam malu pomoć za naš problem.

6.2.5 OPPOSITES
SUPROTNOSTI

QUITE A FEW (= A LARGE NUMBER) - QUITE A LITTLE (= A LARGE AMOUNT)

Quite a few bars offer good cocktails. - They offered quite a little help for my problem.
Priličan broj barova nudi dobre koktele. - Ponudili su nam malu pomoć za naš problem.

A FEW - FEW

I have a few friends. (= some) - I have few friends. (= not enough)
Imam nekoliko prijatelja. - Imam nekolicinu prijatelja.

QUITE A BIT OF - A LITTLE BIT OF

There’s quite a bit of pepper in the soup. There is a little bit of pepper in the soup.
U supi ima prilično bibera. - U supi ima malo bibera.

LITTLE - A LITLLE

They have a little table. - The celebration began a little earlier.
Pridev: Oni imaju mali sto. - Prilog: Svečanost je počela malo ranije.

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 5

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5 CLASSIFICATION IV
IV KLASIFIKACIJA

Prema tome na koji način određuju imenicu:

5.1 DETERMINERS QUANTIFIERS
ODREDNICE KVANTIFIKATORI

a bit of, a few, a great deal of, a great number of, a large amount of, a large number of, a little, all, all of the, all the, a lot of, an abundance of, a number of, both of the, enough, few, fewer, fewest, less, lots of, many, more, most, most of the, much, neither of the, no, none of the, not any, one, one less, one of the, plenty of, several, some, some of the, the majority of

5.2 DETERMINERS FOR POSSESSION
ODREDNICE ZA POSEDOVANJE

her, his, my, our, your, their, whose

5.3 DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS
POKAZNE ODREDNICE

that, these, this, those

5.4 ARTICLES
ČLANOVI

a/an, the

5.5 DETERMINERS FOR QUESTIONS
ODREDNICE ZA PITANJA

how many what, how much, which, which of the

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 4

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4 CLASSIFICATION III
III KLASIFIKACIJA

Prema osobini brojivosti imenice koju određuju, odrednice delimo na one koje stoje:

4.1 BEFORE ONLY COUNTABLE NOUNS IN SG
ISPRED SAMO BROJIVE IMENICE U SG

a/an, each, every, either, neither

4.2 BEFORE COUNTABLE NOUNS IN SG OR UNCOUNTOUBLE NOUNS
ISPRED BROJIVE IMENICE U SG ILI NEBROJIVE IMENICE

this, that

4.3 BEFORE ONLY UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
ISPRED SAMO NEBROJIVE IMENICE

much, a little, little, less, least

4.4 BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS OR COUNTABLE NOUNS IN PL
ISPRED NEBROJIVE IMENICE ILI BROJIVE IMENICE U PL

all, any (osnovno značenje), enough, a lot, lots of, more, most, some (osnovno značenje)

4.5 BEFORE ONLY COUNTABLE NOUNS IN PL
ISPRED SAMO BROJIVE IMENICE U PL

both, a few, few, fewer, fewest, many, several, these, those, numbers

4.6 BEFORE SOME FREQUENTLY USED NOUNS
ISPRED IMENICA KOJE SU ČESTO KORISTE

the, no, prisvojni pridevi my, your, … i neke upitne zamenice u funkciji relativnih: whose roll/rolls/bread, by which date, whatever food you eat …

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 3

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3 CLASSIFICATION II
II KLASIFIKACIJA

Prema tome na koji način određuju imenicu, odrednice mogu biti:

3.1 GENERAL DETERMINERS
OPŠTE ODREDNICE

Njihovo značenje nije dovoljno precizno da konkretno odrede imenicu:

a/ an, a few, a little, all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, few, fewer, less, little, many, more, most, much, neither, no, other, several, some

3.2 SPECIFIC DETERMINERS
POSEBNE ODREDNICE

Svojim značenjem izdvajaju tu imenicu od ostalih:

Određeni član: the
Pokazne zamenice: this, that, these, those
Prisvojni pridevi: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 2

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2 CLASSIFICATION I
I KLASIFIKACIJA

Imenički izraz
ODREDNICE: Pred-odrednica - Centralne odrednica - Post-odrednica
Pred-modifikator
Imenica
Post-modifikator

Prema položaju koji imaju u imeničkom izrazu, odrednice se dele na:

2.1 PRE-DETERMINERS
PRED-ODREDNICE

Kvantifikatori: all, both, half
Množioci: double, twice
Razlomci: one-third, one-fifth, …
Uzvični izrazi: such & what

Pred-odrednica uvek stoji ispred centralne odrednice i uglavnom se odnosi na količinu tj. kvantitet:

I’ve been worried about you all this time.
Brinula sam za tebe sve ovo vreme.

He wants to sell both his houses.
On hoće da proda obe svoje kuće.

Half a loaf is better than no bread.
Bolje išta [pola vekne] nego ništa [nimalo hleba].

His house is double the size I thought it was.
Njegova kuća je duplo veća nego šta sam mislio.

It is now twice the school it was.
Sada je dvaput veća škola nego što je bila.

I may skip a payment once each year.
Mogu da preskočim jedno plaćanje godišnje.

He will play Jim six times a week.
Šest puta nedeljno će igrati [ulogu] Džima.

She paid a quarter of the price.
Platila je četvrtinu cene.

Such a waste of money!
Kakvo traćenje novca!

What a good time we had!
Kako smo se dobro proveli!

2.2 CENTRAL DETERMINERS
CENTRALNE ODREDNICE

Članovi
Određeni: the
Neodređeni: a/an
Zamenice
Pokazne: this, those, …
Lične: my, your, …
Neodređene: any, some
Upitne: what, which, …
Odrečna reč: no

Centralna odrednica može biti član, pokazna odrednica, prisvojni pridev ili neki kvantifikator. Te odrednice su uzajamno isključive i kontrastne sa pridevima, mada se mogu pojaviti sa njima:

He gave me a book on geometry.
Dao mi je knjigu o geometriji.

He gave me an honest answer.
Dao mi je iskren odgovor.

I don’t like using the cell phone.
Ne volim da koristim mobilni telefon.

She knew that meeting would be difficult.
Znala je da će taj sastanak biti težak.

Please move those old books off there.
Molim te skloni te stare knjige odatle.

I take care of him to the best of my abilities.
Vodim računa o njemu najbolje što mogu.

Mary and John have announced their engagement.
Meri i Džon su najavili svoju veridbu.

I could use any possible help.
Koristila bi mi svaka moguća pomoć.

Some children refuse to eat spinach.
Neka deca odbijaju da jedu spanać.

What books can I buy on the subject?
Koje knjige mogu da kupim na tu temu?

Which hotel do you fancy?
Koji ti se hotel dopada?

Whatever doubts he had, he didn’t show.
Kojegod sumnje da je imao, nije pokazao.

There are no reliable news about his arrival.
Nema pouzdanih vesti o njegovom dolasku.

2.3 POST-DETERMINERS
POST-ODREDNICE

Brojevi
Glavni: one, two, …
Redni: first, second, …
Kvantifikatori: few, several, much, …

Post-odrednice se koriste posle centralnih odrednica i uključuju brojeve i neke kvantifikatore:

I was waiting for three months.
Čekala sam tri meseca.

The first in those two problems is of course money.
Prvi od ta dva problema je naravno novac.

His first job was teaching.
Prvi njegov posao bio je nastavnički.

Not many films are made in Serbia.
U Srbiji ne prave puno filmova.

Here are several in your many kindnesses.
Evo nekoliko od tvojih mnogih ljubaznosti.

Her several attempts were in vain.
Nekoliko njenih pokušaja bilo je uzalud.

N.B.
Prefiksi ‘pred-’ i ‘post-’ ukazuju na mesto odrednice u seriji odrednica koje stoje ispred imenice.

CHAPTER SEVEN Determiners 1

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1 DEFINITION
DEFINICIJA

Odrednica je vrsta reči koja određuje imenicu. Ispred imenice se koristi u funkciji prideva, a umesto imenice u funkciji zamenice.

Odrednica kazuje da li se imenica odnosi na nešto određeno ili je upotrebljena u opštem smislu, da li je brojiva ili nebrojiva, ili je kvalifikuje na neki drugi način.

N.B.
Neke od odrednica su objašnjene u okviru drugih ili upravo njima namenjenih poglavlja (zamenice, članovi).

1.1 NOUNS RARELY USED ALONE

There are nouns which cannot be used without a modifier or qualifier, because the meaning of the noun would not be clear. We cannot, for example, refer to someone as ‘the head’ without saying which organi-zation they are head of. These nouns can be used on their own only if it is obvious from the context what is meant; for example, if we have just mentioned a mountain and we say ‘the top’, it is clear that we mean ‘the top of that mountain’.

If a modifier is added to one of these nouns, this modifier is usually an adjective or another noun:

She was stripped of his Soviet citizenship.

If the noun is followed by a qualifier, the qualifier is usually a prepositional phrase beginning with ‘of’:

Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been geared towards producing workers.

Some nouns are always used with a modifier:

George was a slow eater.

Some nouns are almost always used with a possessive: a possessive determiner, ‘s, or a prepositional phrase with ‘of’, because we have to indicate who or what the thing we are talking about relates to or belongs to:

He has been associated with this festival since its inception.

Nouns which are being used metaphorically often have a modifier or qualifier
to indicate what is really being referred to:

He has worked out a scheme for an economic lifeline by purchasing land.

1.1.1 A LIST OF NOUNS THAT ARE RARELY USED ALONE

affair
approach
area
back
band
base
bottom
boundary
branch
case
centre
circumstances
citizenship
class
condition
crisis
culture
depth
development
discovery
eater
edge
edition
element
end
enterprise
epidemic
experience
extent
feeling
field
formation
fringe
ground
growth
head
height
impression
inception
kind
length
level
limit
line
matter
movement
nature
note
period
point
position
power
prime
range
rate
regime
relic
repertoire
rise
role
scale
side
sort
stage
status
structure
stuff
style
system
texture
theory
thought
time
tone
top
transfer
type
version
view
wave
way
wear
wing
world

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns - Contents

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1 Personal Pronouns
1.1 Personal Subject Pronouns
1.1.1 'I'
1.1.2 'You'
1.1.3 'It'
1.1.3.1 Usage
1.2 Personal Object Pronouns
1.2.1 Examples
1.3 Possessive Case of Pronouns
1.3.1 Possessive Adjectives
1.3.1.1 Examples
1.3.2 Possessive Pronouns
1.3.2.1 Examples

2 Reflexive Pronouns
2.1 Examples
2.2 Usage

3 Interrogative Pronouns/Wh-Words
3.1 Interrogative Form Vs. Question
3.2 List of Interrogative Pronouns/Wh-Words
3.3 Function of 'Wh-Words' In a Sentence
3.3.1 Subject
3.3.2 Object
3.3.3 Adverb
3.4 What
3.5 Who & Whom
3.6 Whose
3.7 Which
3.8 When
3.9 Where
3.10 Why
3.11 How
3.11.1 How Many % How Much
3.11.1.1 How Many
3.11.1.2 How Much
3.11.2 'How' + Adjective

4 Relative Pronouns
4.1 Who
4.2 Whose
4.3 Which
4.4 That
4.5 Preview

5 Indefinite Pronouns

6 Demonstrative Pronouns
6.1 SG Demontrative Pronouns: This, That
6.2 PL Demonstrative Pronouns: These, Those
6.3 Demonstrative Pronoun Vs. Adjective Function

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns 6

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6 Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns stand in for a person, place or thing that must be pointed to. They can behave either as pronouns or as determiners. They may function as subjects, objects or objects of the preposition. The family of demonstratives consists of: this, that, these, those, and such.

6.1 SG DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: THIS, THAT

AS A SUBJECT:

This has been a difficult yeaer for the U.S. Presidency.
That is whom you should meet at the dinner at the Tate Gallery.

AS A DIRECT OBJECT:

Would he deliver this?
The demands on the Chairman's time knocked that off the schedule.

AS AN OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION:

Does the shirt you bought go with this?
John will put the a new coat of paint on that if necessary.

6.2 PL DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: THESE, THOSE

AS A SUBJECT:

These are the preferred pens in this department.
Those attempting to purchase handguns must wait seven days.

AS A DIRECT OBJECT:

Will Alan find these in time?
Beth donated those to the team.

AS AN OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION:

Please climb over these before you continue the course.
Chris can work with those.

6.3 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN VS. ADJECTIVE FUNCTION

Just like other pronouns, a demonstrative pronoun stands in for a noun. When they are used to modify a noun rather than stand in for it, the same words that act as demonstrative pronouns may act as adjectives:

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

This will lead us to the car.
That is not the best approach.
Those will work just fine.
These look delicious.

ADJECTIVE

This path is taking us in the right direction.
That approach will not work.
Those plants were damaged by the frost.
These berries are edible.

As pronouns, they identify or point to nouns:

That is incredible! (referring to something we just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)

As determiners, the demonstratives adjectivally modify a noun that follows. A sense of relative distance (in time and space) can be conveyed through the choice of these pronouns/determiners:

These are delicious. (pancakes I’m having right now)
Those were even better. (pancakes I had yesterday morning)
This is well written; that is trash. (book in my hand + book that I’m pointing to, over there, on the table)

A sense of emotional distance or even disdain can be conveyed with the demonstrative pronouns:

You're going to wear THESE?
THIS is the best you can do?

Pronouns used in this way would receive special stress in a spoken sentence. When used as subjects, the demonstratives, in either singular or plural form, can be used to refer to objects as well as persons:

This is my father.
That is my book.

In other roles, however, the reference of demonstratives is non-personal. In other words, when referring to ‘kids’, for example, we could write:

Those were loitering around while we were sitting in the garden.
(as long as it is perfectly clear in context what ‘those’ refers to).

But we would not write:
*My father chased those for having stolen our lawn mower.

Instead, we would have to use ‘those’ as a determiner and write:
My father chased those kids for having stolen our lawn mower.

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns 5

2008-11-18T17:10:00.005+01:00

5 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
NEODREĐENE ZAMENICE

all svi
another drugi
each svaki
few nekoliko
many mnogi
one jedan
several nekoliko

She’d spend all she had.
Potrošila bi sve što ima.

She said one thing and did quite another.
Rekla je jednu stvar, a uradila potpuno suprotnu.

They have five bedrooms, each with two beds.
Imaju pet spavaćih soba, u svakoj po dva kreveta.

Most people like him, but few cannot stand him.
Većini se dopada, ali nekolicina ga ne podnosi.

How many wives does he have?
Koliko žena on ima?

You are the only ones who know the truth.
Vi ste jedini koji znaju istinu.

My case is one of several that won’t be solved.
Moj slučaj je jedan on nekoliko koji se neće rešiti.

any bilo koji
anybody bilo ko
anyone bilo ko
anything bilo šta

She has a lot of friends, but I can’t see any.
Ona ima puno prijatelja, ali ja ne vidim nijednog.

Why would anybody want that trouble?
Zašto bi iko hteo tu nevolju?

If anyone deserves to be happy, she does.
Ako iko zaslužuje da bude srećan, to je ona.

I just sat there, not saying anything.
Samo sam tamo sedela, bez reči.

everybody svi
everyone svako
everything sve

Everybody here was shocked about it.
Ovde su svi time bili šokirani.

Not everyone knows how to use that freedom.
Ne znaju svi kako da koriste tu slobodu.

My partner and I do everything together.
Moj partner i ja sve radimo zajedno.

nobody niko
none niko
no-one niko
nothing ništa

Nobody realizes how bad the situation is.
Niko ne shvata koliko je situacija loša.

I like her cakes, but there were none left.
Volim njene kolače, ali nijedan nije ostao.

No one can open that door, but the owner.
Niko ne može da otvori ta vrata, osim vlasnika.

There is nothing wrong with the guitar.
Sa gitarom je sve u redu.

some neki
somebody neko
someone neko
something nešto

I’ll freeze some vegetables, when it is cooked.
Staviću nešto povrća u friz, kad se obari.

Well, he thinks he’s somebody in this town.
Pa, on misli da je neko u ovom gradu.

She needs someone to help her.
Potreban joj je neko da joj pomogne.

Her flat was something special.
Njen stan je bio nešto posebno.

N.B.
Zamenice (pronouns) ne treba mešati sa odrednicama (determiners), koje su predmet obrade sledećeg poglavlja. Osnovna razlika u funkciji je što zamenice stoje UMESTO imenice, a odrednice određuju imenicu.

Zanimljivosti i šale

A:Where were you born? - B: Peru.
A: Which part? - B: All of me.

Man: I want to share everything with you.
Woman: Let's start from your bank account.

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns 4

2008-11-18T14:51:00.005+01:00

4 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
ODNOSNE ZAMENICE

Odnosne zamenice takođe daju dodatne informacije o imenici koja se može odnositi na lice, stvar ili grupu:

4.1 WHO

Ljudi:

The teacher who looked after our class today doesn’t normally work here.
Nastavnik koji je danas vodio računa o našem odeljenju inače ne radi ovde.

4.2 WHOSE

Ljudi:

Mary saw a man shouting at a driver whose car was blocking the street.
Meri je videla čoveka koji je vikao na vizača čija su kola blokirala ulicu.

4.3 WHICH

Stvari:

The books which she is referring to are no longer published.
Knjige koje je ona pomenula se više ne izdaju.

4.4 THAT

Ljudi ili stvari:

The flowers that I bought yesterday have already died.
Cveće koje sam juče kupio već je uvelo.

Odnosne zamenice nemaju oblike roda ili broja. Uobičajeno stoje odmah iza imenice na koju se odnose:

I met a woman/man who lives near your sister.
Srela sam čoveka/ženu koji/koja živi blizu tvoje sestre.

Do you know the young boy/girl that offered you a seat?
Poznaješ li mladića/devojku koji/koja ti je ponudio/ponudila sedište?

They were the two carpenters who fitted our kitchen.
Bila su to dva stolara koja su nameštala našu kuhinju.

4.5 PREVIEW
PREGLED

SUBJEKAT:
who/that (OSOBA) - where (MESTO) - that/which (STVAR)

OBJEKAT:
when (VREME) - why (RAZLOG) - who/whom/that (OSOBA) - that/which (STVAR)

PRISVOJNI OBLIK:
whose (VREME) - whose (OSOBA) - whose (STVAR)

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns 3

2008-11-18T13:27:00.007+01:00

3 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS/WH-WORDS
UPITNE ZAMENICE

3.1 INTERROGATIVE FORM VS. QUESTION
UPITNI OBLIK - PITANJE

UPITNI OBLIK: inverzija (promena mesta subjekta i pomoćnog glagola):

You (do) wash windows weekly.
Do you wash windows weekly?

You are washing windows.
Are you washing windows?

Odgovor je uvek kratak, jer se deo odgovora nalazi u upitnom obliku:

Do you wash windows weekly?
Yes, I do.

Are you washing windows?
Yes, I am.

N.B.
U poglavlju posvećenom glagolima objasnili smo ulogu pomoćnog glagola, koja je prvenstveno gramatičke prirode. On pomaže glavnom glagolu, čija je uloga samo da 'znači', da gradi razne gramatičke oblike. Zato pomoćni glagol na početku upitnog oblika ne znači 'da li'. Čin inverzije, odnosno promena mesta pomoćnog glagola i subjekta nam ukazuje da je u pitanju upitni oblik, koji u svom jeziku prevodimo sa 'da li ...'.

PITANJE: upitna reč + inverzija (tj. promena mesta subjekta i pomoćnog glagola):

You (do) wash windows weekly.
What do you wash weekly?

You are washing windows.
What are you washing?

Odgovor je nova informacija. Uobičajeno je da se u odgovoru ponovi glavni glagol iz pitanja:

What do you wash weekly?
I (do) wash windows (weekly).

What are you washing?
I am washing windows.

Ako je 'to be' jedini glagol u rečenici, umesto pomoćnog glagola inverziju vrši oblik ovog glagola, čak i u ulozi glavnog (i jedinog) glagola u rečenici:

She is a teacher.
Is she a teacher?

Is she a teacher?
Yes, she is.

What is she?
She is a teacher.

3.2 LIST OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS/WH-WORDS
LISTA UPITNIH ZAMENICA

Kada nekome uputimo pitanje sa upitnom reči, želimo određeni odgovor – novu informaciju. Upitne reči su set zamenica, priloga i odrednica koje sve počinju sa 'wh-', izuzev 'how':

what /wɔt/ šta What do you want? Šta želiš?
who /hu:/ ko Who bought the tickets? Ko je kupio karte?
whom /hu:m/ koga Whom did you inform? Koga si obavestila?
whose /hu:z/ čiji Whose bag is this? Čija je ovo torba?
when /wen/ kada When is she coming? Kada dolazi?
where /wεə/ gde Where did they meet? Gde su se sreli?
which /wit∫/ koji Which do you like? Koji ti se dopada?
why /wai/ zašto Why did she do it? Zašto je to uradila?
how /hau/ kako How did it happen? Kako se to dogodilo?

Ovde takođe spadaju i složene upitne zamenice (koje se češće javljaju i u funkciji odrednica ili veznika):

whatever /wɔt’evə/ štagod Whatever is the matter with you? Šta je pobogu s tobom?
whoever /hu:’evə/ kogod Whoever suggested the trip? Ko je zaboga predložio put?
whomever /hu:m’evə/ kogagod Whomever did you invite? Koga si pobogu pozvao?
whichever /wit∫’evə/ kojigod Whichever have you chosen? Koji se zaboga izabrala?
whenever /wen’evə/ kadgod Whenever will they come? Kada će pobogu doći?
wherever /wεə’revə/ gdegod Wherever did he meet her? Gde je zaboga sreo nju?
however /hau’evə/ kakogod However have they manage that? Kako im je pobogu to uspelo?

3.3 FUNCTION OF 'WH-WORDS' IN A SENTENCE
FUNKCIJE UPITNIH REČI U REČENICI

3.3.1 SUBJECT
SUBJEKAT

Kada upitna reč zamenjuje imenicu na mestu subjekta, red reči je isti kao u potvrdnoj rečenici - nema inverzije!:

Who invited them? - Mary invited them.
Ko ih je zvao? - Meri ih je zvala.

3.3.2 OBJECT
OBJEKAT

Kada upitna reč zamenjuje imenicu na mestu objekta, red reči je sledeći: upitna reč + inverzija (pomoćnog glagola i subjekta) + glavni glagol + priloški ili drugi izrazi:

Who are you calling now? - I am calling Ed.
Koga zoveš? - Zovem Eda.

3.3.3 ADVERB
PRILOG

Kada upitna reč zamenjuje imenicu na mestu priloga tj. priloške odredbe, red reči je opet: upitna reč + inverzija (pomoćnog glagola i subjekta) + glavni glagol + priloški ili drugi izrazi:

Where are you going? - I am going to Bor.
Gde ideš? - Idem u Bor.

3.4 WHAT
ŠTA

U funkciji upitne zamenice, traži razne informacije:

What’s wrong with his mother?
Šta nije u redu s njegovom majkom?

What does keep you hanging around here?
Šta te to drži da se muvaš okolo?

U funkicji upitne zamenice, traži nečije mišljenje:

What do you think about his personality?
Šta misliš o njegovoj ličnosti?

What kind of poetry do you like?
Koju vrstu poezije voliš?

U funkicji odrednice, koristi se u pitanjima o identitetu ili vrsti pripadanja:

What books does she read?
Koje knjige ona čita?

What church did you say you attend?
U koju crkvu kažeš da ideš?

U funkciji objekta predloga, predlog ide na kraj pitanja:

What are you interested in?
Za šta si zainteresovan?

What do you want us to talk about?
O čemu želiš da razgovaramo?

Izrazi sa 'what':

What time did you leave? – Half past two.
U koliko sati si otišao? – Pola tri.

What colour is the dress? – Blue.
Koje boje je haljina? – Plave.

What kind of restaurant is it? – Chinese.
Koje vrste je restoran? – Kineski.

What sort of school did you go to? – Private.
U koju vrstu škole si išao? – Privatnu.

Složena upitna zamenica 'whatever' naglašava pitanje:

Whatever is the matter?
O čemu se (pobogu) radi?

Whatever did they talk about there?
O čemu se zaboga tamo razgovarali?

3.5 WHO & WHOM
KO I KOGA/KOME

Koristi se za pitanja o identitetu i tada je na mestu subjekta ili objekta glagola:

Who discovered this?
Ko je ovo otkrio?

Who did he marry?
Koga je on oženio?

U književnom engleskom kao objekat glagola se koristi 'whom':

Whom did you see?
Koga si videla?

Whom did he expect to answer?
A koga je očekivao da odgovori?

Kada su u ulozi objekta predloga, predlog ide na kraj pitanja:

Who/Whom did you dance with?
S kim si igrala?

Who / Whom would you like to talk to?
S kim želite da razgovarate?

Kada je 'whom' u ulozi objekta predloga, predlog može doći na početak klauze:

To whom is a manager responsible?
Kome je odgovoran direktor?

To whom would he be accountable?
Kome bi on trebalo da polaže račune?

Složene upitne zamenice 'whoever' i 'whomever' naglašavaju pitanje:

Whoever heard of a pope resigning?
Ko je pobogu još čuo da papa daje ostavku?

Whomever will they select?
Koga će pobogu da izaberu?

3.6 WHOSE
ČIJI

Koristi se i kao zamenica i kao odrednica, za pitanja o pripadanju ili dovođenje u vezu:

Whose is that?
Čije je to?

Whose babies did you think they were?
Šta si mislio čije su to bebe?

3.7 WHICH
KOJI

Koristi se i kao zamenica i kao odrednica, za pitanja o identitetu u odnosu na ostale:

Which is the best restaurant?
Koji je najbolji restoran?

Which doctor do you want to see?
Kog lekara želite da vidite?

Kada je u ulozi odrednice i objekta predloga, predlog ide na kraj pitanja:

Which country does he come from?
Odakle (iz koje zemlje) on dolazi?

Which language does that word belong to?
Kom jeziku pripada ta reč?

'Whichever' se češće koristi kao odrednica ili veznik nego kao upitna zamenica:

Whichever way you look at it, they lose.
Kakogod da gledaš na to, oni gube.

Take one, whichever you prefer.
Uzmi neki, kojigod ti se dopada.

3.8 WHEN
KADA

Koristi se kao upitna zamenica za pitanja koja se odnose na vreme:

When did you find her?
Kada si je našao?

When do we have supper?
Kada je večera?

Složenica 'whenever' se češće koristi kao veznik:

You can use my PC whenever you need.
Možeš da koristiš moj računar kadgod ti zatreba.

She got married in 2006, or whenever it was.
Udala se 2006., ili kadgod je to već bilo.

3.9 WHERE
GDE

Koristi se kao upitna zamenica za pitanja o mestu, poziciji, pravcu:

Where does she live?
Gde ona živi?

Where are you going?
Gde ideš?

Upitna zamenica 'wherever' naglašava pitanje:

Wherever did you get this?
Gde si, zaboga, nabavio ovo?

Wherever, on earth, were you all this time?
Gde si pobogu bio sve ovo vreme?

3.10 WHY
ZAŠTO

Koristi se kao upitna zamenica za pitanja o razlogu:

Why are you here?
Zašto si ovde?

Why did she leave?
Zašto je otišla?

Za pitanja zašto radnja jeste ili nije bila neophodna, koristi se bez subjekta, uz glagolski oblik osnove:

Why bother about me?
Zašto bi se sekirali za mene?

Why risk time and money?
Zašto bi rizikovali vreme i novac?

'Why not' sa osnovom glagola koristi se za pitanja zašto određena radnja nije bila preduzeta:

Why not end it now?
Zašto ne završiti sada?

Why not drop in for a chat?
Što ne svratite da proćaskamo?

3.11 HOW
KAKO

Kao upitna zamenica koristi se za pitanja o korišćenom metodu ili načinu:

How do we open it?
Kako ovo otvaramo?

How did he know when you were coming?
Kako je znao kada ti dolaziš?

Takođe se koristi za pitanja vezana za čula, o načinu na koji se neko oseća, neko ili nešto izgleda, o načinu na koji nešto zvuči, može da se oseti ili ima ukus:

How are you feeling today?
Kako se osećaš danas?

‘How do I look?’ – ‘Very nice.’
‘Kako izgledam?’ – ‘Veoma lepo.’

3.11.1 HOW MANY & HOW MUCH
KOLIKO

3.11.1.1 HOW MANY

Ispred brojive imenice u množini - pitanja o postojećem broju stvari:

How many languages can you speak?
Koliko jezika govoriš?

How many (cigarettes) do you smoke a day?
Koliko (cigareta) pušiš dnevno?

3.11.1.2 HOW MUCH

Ispred nebrojive imenice - o količini nečega što postoji:

How much money have we got in the bank?
Koliko novca imamo u banci?

How much cooler can it get? (weather)
Koliko još može da zahladni?

3.11.2 'HOW' + ADJECTIVE
'HOW' + PRIDEV

How far is it to Rome from here?
Koliko je Rim udaljen odavde?

How big is your house?
Koliko je velika tvoja kuća?

How old are your children?
Koliko godina imaju tvoja deca?

I mean, how crazy can he get?
Mislim, koliko lud može da bude?

How far have you got with work?
Koliko si daleko stigao sa poslom?

I know how wrong this must seem.
Znam da ovo izgleda pogrešno.

How realistic is a worst-case situation?
Koliko je realna situacija najgoreg scenarija?

How long will it take?
Koliko će to trajati?

N.B.
Izraz 'take' + vremenska odrednica odnosi se na vreme potrebno sa nešto uradi:
It takes 15 minutes to get there. Potrebno je 15 min da se stigne tamo.
I heard an appeal could take years. Čuo sam da žalba može da traje godinama.

Zanimljivosti i šale

Mary: John says I’m pretty. Andy says I’m ugly. What do you think, Peter?
Peter: I think you’re pretty ugly.

The teacher speaking to a student: ‘Dragan, name two pronouns.’
Dragan, who suddenly woke up: ‘Who, me?’

Which bus crossed the ocean? – Columbus!

How do you like this food? I made it from scratching!
do something FROM SCRATCH = do it without making use of anything that has been done before: Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging.

The Little Camel’s Questions:
Mum, why do we have these big humps?
Because there is some water in these hump and in the hot desert we can drink.
And mum. Why do we have this large fur?
Because the dessert at night is so cold and then we don't feel cold.
And mum. Why do we got these big hoofs?
Because in the desert the sand is hot and the hoofs save us from the hot sand.
But mum, what are we then doing here in the National Zoo?

CHAPTER SIX Pronouns 2

2008-11-18T12:38:00.003+01:00

2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
POVRATNE ZAMENICE

SG
1. I - myself /’maiself/
2. you - yourself /’jɔ:self/
3. he - himself /himself/
she - herself /’hə:self/
it - itself /itself/
PL
1. we - ourselves /’auəselvz/
2. you - yourselves /’jɔ:selvz/
3. they - themselves /’ðemselvz/

Ove zamenice se mogu prevoditi na više načina, u zavisnosti od konteksta, kao:

1. ja/ti/on … lično
2. mene, meni, tebe, tebi, njega...
3. sebe, sebi, se …

2.1 EXAMPLES
PRIMERI

I looked at myself in the mirror.
Pogledala sam se u ogledalo.

Here’s the money, go and buy yourself a watch.
Evo ti novac, idi u kupi sebi sat.

He forced himself to lie about it.
Prisilio je sebe da laže o tome.

She stretched herself on the sofa.
Protegla se na sofi.

I’m sure history repeats itself.
Siguran sam da se istorija ponavlja.

We all shook hands and introduced ourselves.
Svi smo se rukovali i predstavili se.

Ask yourselves, and you will realise the truth.
Zapitajte se i shvatićete istinu.

They all seemed to be enjoying themselves.
Izgledalo je da se svi provode.

2.2 USAGE
UPOTREBA

Kada su subjekat i objekat isti:

The band call themselves 'Hush'.
Bend sebe zove 'Pst'.

He shot himself.
Upucao se.

Kada se kao objekat predloga odnosi se na subjekat:

She did it by herself.
Sama je to uradila.

That man is talking to himself.
Taj čovek priča sam sa sobom.

Kada naglašavamo subjekat:

I’ll do it myself.
Sama ću to uraditi.

They ate all the food themselves.
Pojeli su sami svu hranu.

Kao zamenice za intenzitet (Intensive Pronouns), naglašavaju subjekat:

The President himself said that he’d lower taxes.
Sam Predsednik je rekao da će smanjiti poreze.

They themselves promised to come to the party.
Oni sami su obećali da dođu na žurku.

Zanimljivosti i šale

PERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS: I - you - he - she - it - we - you - they
PERSONAL OBJECT PRONOUNS: me - you - him - her - it - us - you - them
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: my - your - his - her - its - our - your - their
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: mine - yours - his - hers - its - ours - yours - theirs
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves

Teacher: Did your father help you with your homework?
Student: No, he did it all by himself.

Man: I offered you myself.
Woman: Sorry! I never accept cheap gifts.

At the Court:
Were you alone or by yourself?

Hotel air conditioner instructions, India
COOLES AND HEATES: IF YOU WANT CONDITION OF
WARM AIR IN YOUR ROOM, PLEASE CONTROL YOURSELF.